Co-Mo/MgO katalizörü ile yüksek verimli karbon nanotüp sentezi
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
item.page.authors
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Enerji Enstitüsü
Özet
Karbonun allotroplarından biri olan karbon nanotüpler 1991 yılında keşfedilen,
önemli özellikleri sebebiyle malzeme biliminde yeni bir dönem başlatmış
malzemelerdir. Karbon nanotüpler nanoboyutta çapa sahip silindirik yapılar olup,
çeşitli elektriksel, mekanik ve termal özelliklere sahip malzemelerdir. Karbon
nanotüpler (KNT) termal kararlılık, optik geçirgenlik, elektriksel iletkenlik ve
mekanik mukavemet gibi eşsiz özellikleri sayesinde geniş endüstriyel uygulama
alanlarına sahiptirler ve çok çeşitli özellik ve kullanım alanlarından dolayı birçok
araştırmaya konu olmaktadırlar. Enerji depolanmasında, kompozitlerde, elektron alan
emisyon uygulamalarında, hidrojen teknolojilerinde, problarda, ara bağlantılarda ve
tıbbi uygulamalarda kullanılabilmektedirler.
Karbon nanotüpler genel olarak, farklı uygulamalar ve kullanımlarına göre 3 farklı
üretim yöntemi ile sentezlenmektedir. Bu üretim yöntemleri; Ark Boşalım, Lazer
Buharlaştırma ve Kimyasal Buhar Birikimi olarak adlandırılır ve hepsinde, karbon
atomlarının oluşturulması için karbon kaynağına enerji gereklidir. Ark Boşalım
yönteminde akım, Lazer Buharlaştırma yönteminde bir lazerden gelen yüksek
yoğunluklu ışık ve Kimyasal Buhar Birikimi yönteminde ise ısı ile enerji
sağlanmaktadır. KNT üretim yöntemlerinden Kimyasal Buhar Birikimi yöntemi
diğer üretim yöntemlerine göre daha ekonomik olup büyük ölçekli üretimler için
daha uygundur. Ayrıca, bu yöntem ile karbon nanotüplerin kontrollü üretimi
sağlanabildiğinden, belirtilen diğer avantajları da sebebiyle kullanımda en çok tercih
edilen yöntemdir.
Kimyasal Buhar Birikimi yönteminde, hazırlanan katalizör boru reaktör içerisine
yerleştirilir ve hedeflenen sıcaklığa ısıtılarak hidrokarbon kaynağı inert gaz ile
birlikte sisteme beslenir. KNT’lerin büyüme mekanizması, geçiş metali ile katalize
edilen hidrokarbon moleküllerinin ayrışmasını ve metal nanopartikül içinde karbon
atomlarının çözülmesini içerir.
KNT üretim verimini ve oluşan nanotüplerin yapısını etkileyen parametreler; sentez
sıcaklığı, katalizör, karbon kaynağı, destek malzeme ve sentez süresidir. Literatürde
yapılan çalışmalarda belirtilen parametreler optimize edilerek yüksek verimli
üretimler gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır.
KNT üretiminde, katalizör en önemli paramatrelerden biridir. Kullanılan katalizör ile
karbon nanotüp veriminin artırılmasının yanısıra seçici ve kontrollü üretim de
sağlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, literatürde katalizörlerle ilgili birçok çalışma
bulunmaktadır. Özellikle Co ve Mo metallerinin birlikte katalizör olarak kullanımı
üzerine son yıllarda birçok çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu iki metalin birlikte sinerjik bir
etki oluşturarak sentez sırasında KNT büyümesini destekleyen yapılar içerdiği
belirtilmektedir. Ayrıca, diğer üretim parametreleri de değiştirilerek seçici ve çap kontrollü olarak yüksek verimli KNT’lerin üretildiğini içeren çalışmalar da
bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu çalışmalarda KNT üretim mekanizması tam olarak
açıklanamamış ve Co, Mo katalizörlerinin kullanım oranları belirli bir sistematikte
incelenmemiştir. Tez çalışması kapsamında, Co ve Mo metalleri birlikte kullanılarak,
KNT üretim verimine etkisini incelemek üzere farklı parametreler ile KNT
üretimleri, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Enerji Enstitüsü bünyesinde bulunan
Malzeme Üretim ve Hazırlama Laboratuvarı’nda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karbon
nanotüpler, kimyasal buhar birikimi (KBB) yöntemine göre üretilmiş, farklı Co/Mo
ve destek malzeme oranları ile farklı katalizör üretim yöntemlerinin KNT üretim
verimine etkileri incelenmiştir. Co-Mo katalizörlerini hazırlamak için kobalt nitrat
(Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O) ve amonyum molibdat ((NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O) başlangıç
malzemeleri, destek malzemesi olarak ise MgO kullanılmıştır. Sol-jel ve
impregnasyon yöntemleri uygulanarak farklı Co/Mo oranlarında (1/1, 1/2.5, 1/3.5,
1/7, 1/14 ve 2/1) ve %5, %10 ve %15 metal/destek malzemesi içerecek şekilde
katalizörler hazırlanmıştır. KNT üretimleri ise hazırlanan katalizörler ile karbon
kaynağı olarak asetilen kullanılarak akışkan yataklı reaktör sisteminde 800°C
sıcaklıkta ve 45 dakika sürede gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen KNT’lerin
karakterizasyonu için Raman Spektroskopisi, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskopu ve X-
Işını Difraktometresi kullanılmıştır.
Üstün özelliklere sahip KNT’ler birçok uygulamada kullanılmakta olup, yaygın
uygulama alanlarından biri de enerji depolamadır. Lityum iyon piller, yüksek enerji
yoğunluğu, uzun ömrü ve düşük maliyeti gibi avantajları sebebiyle enerji
depolamada öne çıkan teknolojidir. Tez çalışması kapsamında yüksek verimle
üretilen KNT’lerden biri seçilerek lityum iyon pilde anot malzemesi olarak
kullanılmış ve pil performansı belirlenmiştir.
Carbon nanotubes, one of the allotropes of carbon, are materials that were discovered in 1991 and have started a new era in material science because of their important properties. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures with a diameter of nanoscale and are materials with various electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have a wide range of industrial applications due to their unique properties such as thermal stability, optical transmittance, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They can be used in energy storage and energy conversion mechanisms, composites, electron field emission applications, hydrogen technologies, probes, interconnections and medical applications. Carbon nanotubes are generally produced by three different production methods according to different applications and usages. These methods are Arc Discharge, Laser Evaporation and Chemical Vapor Deposition. In all of these production methods, a carbon source is provided to generate carbon atoms in the production of carbon nanotubes. In the arc discharge method, the current is energized by heating with a furnace in high intensity light and chemical vapor deposition method from a laser in Laser Evaporation method. Chemical vapor deposition method from CNT production methods is more economical than other production methods and it is stated that it is more suitable for large scale production. In addition, controllability is provided by this method, which is the most widely used method because of all these advantages. The supported catalysts prepared in the Chemical Vapor Deposition method are placed in the pipe reactor and heated to high temperatures and the carbon source is fed to the system together with the inert gas at the selected test temperature. In this method, the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes involves the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules catalyzed by the transition metal and the dissolution of carbon atoms in the metal nanoparticle. There are various parameters affecting the production efficiency of the carbon nanotubes and the structure of the nanotubes. These parameters affecting the production of carbon nanotube; synthesis temperature, catalyst, carbon source, support material and synthesis time. Diameter controlled and selective productions are possible by changing production parameters. In the literature studies, these production parameters are optimized and compared with carbon nanotube properties for high efficiency production. The catalyst is one of the most important parameter in the production process of carbon nanotubes. Selective and diameter controlled production is achieved with the catalyst used. Therefore, in addition to synthesis conditions, the effects of metals used as catalysts and support materials are investigated in the literature. A large number of studies have been carried out Co and Mo bimetallic catalysts in particular.It is indicated that these two metals together form a synergistic effect and that structures that promote the growth of carbon nanotubes occur during synthesis. Studies have been carried out to observe these effects and to produce highly efficient carbon nanotubes with selective and diameter control by changing various parameters. In the scope of the thesis, different Co/Mo and support material ratios and different catalyst production methods were used for carbon nanotube synthesis. The results were evaluated with Co-Mo catalyst by interpreting the studies in the literature. The master thesis study was carried out at the Materials Production and Preparation Laboratory of the İstanbul Technical University Energy Institute. The chemical vapor deposition method was chosen as the carbon nanotube synthesis and the effects of different Co/Mo and support material ratios on the production efficiency of different catalysts were investigated. Cobalt nitrate (Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O) and ammonium molybdate ((NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O) starting materials were used to prepare the Co/Mo catalysts and MgO was used as the support material. Sol-gel and impregnation methods are applied for the catalyst preparation with different Co/Mo ratios (1/1, 1/2.5, 1/3.5, 1/7, 1/14 and 2/1) and 5%, 10% and 15% metal/support material. Carbon nanotube productions were carried out in a fluidized bed reactor system at 800 °C and 45 minutes using acetylene as a carbon source with prepared catalysts. Synthesized carbon nanotubes were characterized by Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetry and X-Ray Diffractometry. Carbon nanotubes formed in the synthesis using C 2 H 2 as a carbon source with catalysts prepared with Co-Mo catalyst and MgO support for 45 minutes at 800 o C were expected to be single-walled carbon nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes have a wider range of applications due to their structural properties. In this thesis, the effects of production parameters were compared with the results of FEGSEM, Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD characterization methods. Thermogravimetric analysis was also used to determine the amount of metal remaining after carbon nanotube synthesis and then nanotube yields were calculated. Before evaluating the effects of all parameters examined within the scope of the thesis, the structural properties of a CNT sample selected as an example were determined and single-walled carbon nanotubes were clearly identified. When the Raman spectra of the synthesized carbon nanotubes were examined, it was determined that the structures were single walled carbon nanotubes due to the presence of peaks in the RBM band, which is the descriptive of single walled carbon nanotubes. According to XRD analysis of synthesized carbon nanotubes, XRD spectra changed depending on catalyst ratios and support material, but graphitic structures were found in all samples. It was also observed that the yields were changed according to synthesized parameters, such as Co:Mo and MgO support ratios, the catalysts preparation methods. Carbon nanotubes can be used in many applications with their properties. One of the most important applications of carbon nanotubes is lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are preferred due to their advantages such as high energy density, long life and low cost. In order to see the use of carbon nanotubes in lithium ion batteries, the high yield carbon nanotube was selected and its battery performance was determined as an anode material. When the discharge capacities were examined, the specific capacity was 282 mAh/g at the end of the first cycle. It was found that as the number of cycles increased, specific discharge capacities approached each other.
Carbon nanotubes, one of the allotropes of carbon, are materials that were discovered in 1991 and have started a new era in material science because of their important properties. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures with a diameter of nanoscale and are materials with various electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have a wide range of industrial applications due to their unique properties such as thermal stability, optical transmittance, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They can be used in energy storage and energy conversion mechanisms, composites, electron field emission applications, hydrogen technologies, probes, interconnections and medical applications. Carbon nanotubes are generally produced by three different production methods according to different applications and usages. These methods are Arc Discharge, Laser Evaporation and Chemical Vapor Deposition. In all of these production methods, a carbon source is provided to generate carbon atoms in the production of carbon nanotubes. In the arc discharge method, the current is energized by heating with a furnace in high intensity light and chemical vapor deposition method from a laser in Laser Evaporation method. Chemical vapor deposition method from CNT production methods is more economical than other production methods and it is stated that it is more suitable for large scale production. In addition, controllability is provided by this method, which is the most widely used method because of all these advantages. The supported catalysts prepared in the Chemical Vapor Deposition method are placed in the pipe reactor and heated to high temperatures and the carbon source is fed to the system together with the inert gas at the selected test temperature. In this method, the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes involves the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules catalyzed by the transition metal and the dissolution of carbon atoms in the metal nanoparticle. There are various parameters affecting the production efficiency of the carbon nanotubes and the structure of the nanotubes. These parameters affecting the production of carbon nanotube; synthesis temperature, catalyst, carbon source, support material and synthesis time. Diameter controlled and selective productions are possible by changing production parameters. In the literature studies, these production parameters are optimized and compared with carbon nanotube properties for high efficiency production. The catalyst is one of the most important parameter in the production process of carbon nanotubes. Selective and diameter controlled production is achieved with the catalyst used. Therefore, in addition to synthesis conditions, the effects of metals used as catalysts and support materials are investigated in the literature. A large number of studies have been carried out Co and Mo bimetallic catalysts in particular.It is indicated that these two metals together form a synergistic effect and that structures that promote the growth of carbon nanotubes occur during synthesis. Studies have been carried out to observe these effects and to produce highly efficient carbon nanotubes with selective and diameter control by changing various parameters. In the scope of the thesis, different Co/Mo and support material ratios and different catalyst production methods were used for carbon nanotube synthesis. The results were evaluated with Co-Mo catalyst by interpreting the studies in the literature. The master thesis study was carried out at the Materials Production and Preparation Laboratory of the İstanbul Technical University Energy Institute. The chemical vapor deposition method was chosen as the carbon nanotube synthesis and the effects of different Co/Mo and support material ratios on the production efficiency of different catalysts were investigated. Cobalt nitrate (Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O) and ammonium molybdate ((NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O) starting materials were used to prepare the Co/Mo catalysts and MgO was used as the support material. Sol-gel and impregnation methods are applied for the catalyst preparation with different Co/Mo ratios (1/1, 1/2.5, 1/3.5, 1/7, 1/14 and 2/1) and 5%, 10% and 15% metal/support material. Carbon nanotube productions were carried out in a fluidized bed reactor system at 800 °C and 45 minutes using acetylene as a carbon source with prepared catalysts. Synthesized carbon nanotubes were characterized by Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetry and X-Ray Diffractometry. Carbon nanotubes formed in the synthesis using C 2 H 2 as a carbon source with catalysts prepared with Co-Mo catalyst and MgO support for 45 minutes at 800 o C were expected to be single-walled carbon nanotubes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes have a wider range of applications due to their structural properties. In this thesis, the effects of production parameters were compared with the results of FEGSEM, Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD characterization methods. Thermogravimetric analysis was also used to determine the amount of metal remaining after carbon nanotube synthesis and then nanotube yields were calculated. Before evaluating the effects of all parameters examined within the scope of the thesis, the structural properties of a CNT sample selected as an example were determined and single-walled carbon nanotubes were clearly identified. When the Raman spectra of the synthesized carbon nanotubes were examined, it was determined that the structures were single walled carbon nanotubes due to the presence of peaks in the RBM band, which is the descriptive of single walled carbon nanotubes. According to XRD analysis of synthesized carbon nanotubes, XRD spectra changed depending on catalyst ratios and support material, but graphitic structures were found in all samples. It was also observed that the yields were changed according to synthesized parameters, such as Co:Mo and MgO support ratios, the catalysts preparation methods. Carbon nanotubes can be used in many applications with their properties. One of the most important applications of carbon nanotubes is lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are preferred due to their advantages such as high energy density, long life and low cost. In order to see the use of carbon nanotubes in lithium ion batteries, the high yield carbon nanotube was selected and its battery performance was determined as an anode material. When the discharge capacities were examined, the specific capacity was 282 mAh/g at the end of the first cycle. It was found that as the number of cycles increased, specific discharge capacities approached each other.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Enerji Enstitüsü, 2018
Konusu
Carbon nanotubes, Karbon nanotüpler
