Bi-fractional order reference model based control system design

Abstract

The emergence of fractional calculus arose from a correspondence between Leibniz and L'Hopital. In this letter written in 1695, L'Hopital asked Leibniz what the result would be if \emph{n} is chosen as 0.5 in the n-order derivative expression. It is known that Leibniz, in response to this question, said: \emph{"one day in the future, the answer to this question will bring useful results"}. Since this date, contributions have been made on fractional calculus by mathematicians at first and by engineers since the middle of the $20^{th}$ century. Today, the most well-known fractional order operator definitions are presented by Riemann-Liouville, Grünwald-Letnikov and Caputo. Riemann-Liouville and Caputo generalized the integer-order integral operator with subject certain constraints, while Grünwald-Letnikov generalized the integer-order derivative expression to express a non-integer-order derivative. It is not possible to obtain the time domain response of fractional-order derivative and integral operators by using classical calculus. Thus, the factorial and exponential functions used in classical calculus are generalized for fractional calculus. The responses of the fractional derivative and integral operators in the time domain can be obtained with the help of this generalizations. On the other hand, the frequency domain allows the effects of fractional-order derivative and integral operators to be obtained in a much more convenient way. In classical calculus, the $n^{th}$ order derivative or $n$-fold integral frequency has a $\pm20ndB/dec$ effect on the gain margin in the definition region, while it takes the phase margin to $\pm90n$ degrees. Similarly, a $\gamma$-order fractional order derivative or a $\gamma$-fold fractional order integral has a $\pm20\gamma dB/dec$ effect on the gain margin and leads the phase margin to $\pm90\gamma$ degrees. The reality that some behaviors in nature can be modeled with fractional calculus has increased the interest of the control field on this subject. Fractional order modeling has been performed in many applications such as viscoelasticity, heat transfer, energy transmission lines, diffusion. However, the fractional-order calculation is exactly included in the field of control engineering at 1961. After that, the first fractional order controller method is introduced and it is showed that the fractional controller outperforms integer order PID controller. At the end of the twentieth century, the fractional order PID controller is introduced by making a generalization of the integer order PID controller. Closed-loop system transfer functions that demonstrate the desired dynamics are often called a reference model.