İstanbul'da Bazı Hava Kirliliği Parametrelerinin Meteorolojik Parametrelerle İlişkisi

Abstract

Sürekli artan endüstriyel faaliyetler, şehirleşme ve nüfus, hava ve çevre kirliliği gibi sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Hergün nefes alıp verdiğimiz atmosferde, hava kirleticilerinin meteorolojik koşullarla olan ilişkisi bu çalışmanın özünü teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmada; Kış peryodunda, istanbul'da bazı bölgelerde ölçülen kükürtdioksit ve partiküler maddenin meteorolojik parametrelerden; sıcaklık, basınç ve basınç sistemleri, nem, rüzgar, yağış, enversiyon ve kararsızlık indeksleri ile olan ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Bunu araştırıken. dağılımdan bağımsız Spearman Rank Korelasyonu, sınıflandırma ve grafiksel yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Rank korelasyonu kullanılmasının nedeni verilerin bir kısmının normal dağılıma uymuyor olmasındandır. Bulunan sonuçlar grafikler ve tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Kullanılan yöntemlere göre kirletici parametrler ile sıcaklık, basınç ve rüzgar arasında kuvvetli ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Diğer parametrelerle de bilhassa aylık dönemler de değişik şiddette ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle yükseltili enversiyonun sıkça görüldüğü zamanlarda ilişkilerde meydana gelen bozulmalar ilginç bulunmuştur. istanbul'da son senelerde artan hava kirlilği ve bunun meteorolojik koşullarla ilişkisini bilimsel bir yaklaşımla ortaya koymayı amaçladığımız bu çalışma; ileride yapılabilecek kirlilik öngörüsü modellemelerine ışık tutabilirse amacına ulaşmış sayılacaktır.

The main purpose of this thesis is to search for the relationship between the meteorological and air pollution parameters in Istanbul in a winter period. In this study as the air pollution parameters Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Suspended Particulate Matter have been taken from the Health Directorate of Istanbul at locations Fatih, Şişli, Üsküdar, Bakırköy and Kadıköy. On the other hand meteorological variables are temperature, pressure and its systems, ralative humidity, wind speed and direction, precipitation, inversion and instability indices ( Showalter [SSI], Cummulative Sums[TTI] and K [KI]) are considered. Meteorological variables are obtained from three stations in Istanbul which are Florya, Göztepe and Atatürk International Airport. In the first section, the purpose of the study and the topographic, geographic and industrial features of Istanbul in addition to the climatical properties are explained. In the second section; pollutions, the fundamental structure of the atmosphere, diffusion and the turbulence have been accounted in a general manner. In addition to the areal, line air pollution sources are explained on the basis of sulfure dioxide and particular suspended matter. In the third section, the measurement locations of the meteorological and air pollution data, measurement methods and time of record are exposed. In the data treatment part of the thesis the Spearman Rank Test, wind analysis methods and instability indices calculation methods are explained with various properties. VI The reason of employing rank correlation is due to the reason that some part of the data do not confirm with the normal distribution. In order to obtain homogeniety in the method applied Spearman Rank Correlation is adopted. The fundamental of this method is the substitution of data values with their ranks and to look at the possible correlation between these ranks. It is possible to use the following relationship: 6T D'2 n^re^ - 1) where; D : is the difference between the values. D = X% - Yi (2) n : the number of data. The value of rank correlation varies between (-1) and (+1) similar to the conventional correlation coefficient. According to the (-1) and (+1) values the relationship is perfect but inversely proportional and directly proportional respectively. From the standard normal distribution the probability of occurrence is given as u(rs)} (4) In this manner for a < 0.05 values at %95 significant level Hi hypothesis is accepted. On the other hand, during wind analysis Lambert formulation has been used and the following equation is used for its persistence: ? = V <5> where; P: Percistance R: Resultant Wind Speed V: Mean Wind Velocity In the third section the manner in which Showalter, Cumulative Sum and K- indices calculation procedures are explained. In the fourth section the regional distribution of air pollutants are shown in Istanbul and the relationships between the instability indices as well as temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and inversion are explained in detail with necessary interpretations. The results are drawn from the graphical presentation, calculation of monthly and four-monthly correlation coefficients and the groupings. According to these the conclusions obtained can be given as follows: vm 1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) are inversly related to temperature i.e. air pollution concentrations increase with decrease in the temperature and vice versa. However in January this relationship is destroyed but become directly related. The reason for this is thought to be high inversion. 2. SO2 and SPM and pressure has relationship in such a way that as the pressure decreases the air pollutants decrease. In January the relationship again becomes destroyed. According to the grouping on the basis of dominant pressure as the high pressure exists high air pollution concentrations are determined. Similar statement is valid also applicable with lower pressure 3. SO? and SPM and relative humidity shows a weak inverse relationship. However, according to the four-month correlation there appears no relation. In the monthly correlations, the coefficients are calculated as rso2 - -0.42 and tspm = -0.34. On the contrary for Fatih, Şişli and Kadıköy there are destroyments depending on the high inversion in the January. 4. SO2 and SPM and wind have inversly strong relationships. As the wind intensity increases the air pollutant concentrations decrease. Sometimes increase in the wind intensity causes air pollutant concentration increase and the reason for this is thought to be the pollutant transportation. On the other hand according to the dominant wind direction the pollutants in various districts are grouped. 5. It is observed that SO2 and SPM and precipitation causes decreament in the air pollution concentration. Since they are very close each other this result especialy appears between Bakırköy and Florya. 6. According to the grouping between SO2 and SPM and inversion it is observed that as high inversion exists the air pollutant concentration increases. In the case of day and night inversion, nightly inversion yields more air pollutant concentration. According to the surface inversion thickness consideration in grouping, more air pollution concentraions are calculated between 0-110 m than 0-360 m. One of the most important conclusions concerning the inversion is that high inversion causes to the corruption of relationships between air pollution concentrations and temperature, pressure, humidity and instability index. ' 7. SO2 and SPM and instability indices have relationships which is directly related to Showalter Index but Cummulative Sums and K- Indices result is reverse relationship.; Except the curroptions the January these are IX rather normal due to the increment of Showalter stability Cumulative Sums and K-indices expresses instabilities. Additionally, higher pollution concentrations are calculated in the case of stable days than instable days. It is hoped that the conclusions reached in this study with their meaningful interpretations taking into consideration the meteorological parameters will shed further light for the clearification of air pollutant concentrations in similar environments. Last but not the least the work in this thesis provides preliminary conclusions which should be elaborated in further studied.