İnsan Mcf7 Meme Kanseri Hücre Hattında Bag1 Gen İfadesindeki Değişimin Etkilerinin Araştırılması
İnsan Mcf7 Meme Kanseri Hücre Hattında Bag1 Gen İfadesindeki Değişimin Etkilerinin Araştırılması
Dosyalar
Tarih
2015-10-23
Yazarlar
Behnoud, Sevil
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science And Technology
Institute of Science And Technology
Özet
Bcl-2 asosiye athano gen (Bag) ailesi (Yunanca ölüm karşıtı athanostan) proteinleri anti-apoptotik Bcl-2 proteini ile ko-immunopresipitasyon sonucu bulunmuşlardır. Bag genleri evrimsel o larak korunmuştur ve mayalarda, bitkilerde ve hayvanlarda homologları mevcuttur. Bag ailesi üyeleri iki farklı yolla hücre homeostazını kontrol eder: (1) Hem pozitif hem negatif şekilde Hsp70/Hsc70 moleküler şaperon sisteminin çalışma döngüsünü regüle ederek hücrenin yaşamsal faaliyetlerini normal ve stres koşullarında sürdürmesine katkıda bulunur. Buna spesifik bir örnek, hücrenin normal ve stres halleri arasındaki dengesinin yönünün Bag -1’e Hsp70 ya da Raf-1’in yarışmalı bağlanması sonucu sağlanması ile verilebilir. (2) Apoptoz, tümör oluşumu, nöronal farklılaşma ve hücre döngüsü gibi birçok fizyolojik süreci kontrol eden transkripsiyon faktörleri ve reseptörler ile Hsp70/Hsc70 sisteminden bağımsız olarak kompleksler oluşturur. Bag ailesi üyelerinin, insanlarda, kanser, AIDS ve Parkinson gibi kompleks hastalıklarda normal hücrelere kıyasla ekspresyon düzeylerinde ve hücre içi lokalizasyonlarında değişiklikler gözlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu tip hastalıkları tahlil etmede Bag proteinlerinin hücre içi ekspresyonlarını ve lokalizasyonlarını incelemeye yönelik çalışmalardan yararlanılabilir. Örneğin, kanserli meme hücrelerinde yapılan çalışmalarla Bag-1 ekspresyonunun, hastalığın seyrinin izlenmesinde prognostik bir markör olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Hücrelerde Bag-1 izoformlarinin ekspresyon düzeyleri farklılık göstermektedir. Bu izoformlar hücrelerde bulunma sıklıklarına göre Bag -1S, Bag-1L ve Bag-1M olarak sıralanabilir. Buna rağmen tümörlü hücrelerde ekspresyon düzeyi en yüksek olan Bag -1L izoformudur. Bunun nedeni ise Bag-1L’nin nüklear lokalizasyonuna bağlı olarak transkripsiyon faktörlerinin aktivitesini yönlendirmesi ve böylece hücre proliferasyonunu dolaylı yoldan tetiklemesi olabilir. Bag-1 izoformlarinin hücrelerde daha önce yapılmış çalışmalar sonucu belirlenmiş etkileşim partnerleri; Bcl-2, Raf-1, Hsc70/Hsp70 sistemi, nükleer hormon reseptörleri (NHR), ubikuitin/proteozom mekanizması ve DNA'dır. Bu etkileşimlerle Bag-1 izoformları, hücre büyümesi için kritik sinyal iletimi, proliferasyon, transkripsiyon gibi hücresel mekanizmalardan, hücre hareketi ve apoptoza varana kadar normal, malignan ve stres altında bulunan hücreler için önemli kontrol yolaklarında görev lmaktadır.
Bcl-2 associated athanogene family (athano = against death in Greek) proteins are discovered by co-immunoprecipitation with Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein. Bag genes are evolutionally conserved and their homologues exist in yeasts, plants and animals. Bag family members control the cell homeostais in two different ways: (1) They contribute to maintain cell’s vital activity under normal and stress conditio ns via regulating both positively and negatively the cycle of Hsp70/Hsc70 molecular chaperone system. As a specific example, the direction of the cell balance under normal and stress conditions are maintained by competitive binding of Hsp70 or Raf-1 to Bag-1. (2) They form complexes with transcription factors and nuclear hormone receptors which are controlling various physiological processes such as apoptosis, tumorigenesis, neural differentiation and cell cycle independent from Hsp70/Hsc70 system. Expression levels and intracellular localization of Bag-1 family members differ in human in some complex diseases such as AIDS and Parkinson Disease in comparison with normal cells. For instance, the studies on breast cancer cells showed that Bag-1 expression can be used as a prognostic marker to monitor the disease progression. Recently, it is postulated that high Bag-1 expression is also a prognostic marker for colon cancer. Bag-1 isoforms appear to be differently localized in the cells. Main Bag-1 isoforms which are observed in humans are Bag-1S (36 kDa), Bag-1M (46 kDa) and Bag-1L (50 kDa). There is also another isoform of Bag-1, 29 kDa, however, since it is very scarce in the cell and thus is not consistently detected. Bag -1 isoforms are produced by alternative translation initiation of single mRNA transcript; thereby they differ in their N-terminus related to translation initiation. All of Bag -1 isoforms commonly include ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) and Bag domain (BD) in their C-terminus. Even though ULD doma in function is not known clearly its evolutional conservation and relations with proteosom machinary indicates that ULD is necessary for stress tolerance. Bag-1L is localized in nucleus by means of its nuclear localization signal (NLS). NLS does not exist in Bag-1M which is cytosolic but can be translocated to nucleus via only companion proteins and Bag -1S which always presents in cytosol. N-terminus of Bag-1L and Bag-1M consist of eight TXSEEX repeats. It is shown that these repeats have a role in DNA bind ing and transcription activation depending on their nuclear localizations. Having less repeat sequences, Bag -1S is the shortest isoform in the cells. Bag-1 has many critical roles in the cell through its interactions with certain target molecules to regulate carcinogenesis, differentiation, motility, proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and transcription. Nuclear hormone receptors, Siah, CHIP, HGF receptor, Hsp70/Hsc70 complex, Bcl-2, and C-Raf (Raf-1) are known interacting partners of Bag-1.
Bcl-2 associated athanogene family (athano = against death in Greek) proteins are discovered by co-immunoprecipitation with Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein. Bag genes are evolutionally conserved and their homologues exist in yeasts, plants and animals. Bag family members control the cell homeostais in two different ways: (1) They contribute to maintain cell’s vital activity under normal and stress conditio ns via regulating both positively and negatively the cycle of Hsp70/Hsc70 molecular chaperone system. As a specific example, the direction of the cell balance under normal and stress conditions are maintained by competitive binding of Hsp70 or Raf-1 to Bag-1. (2) They form complexes with transcription factors and nuclear hormone receptors which are controlling various physiological processes such as apoptosis, tumorigenesis, neural differentiation and cell cycle independent from Hsp70/Hsc70 system. Expression levels and intracellular localization of Bag-1 family members differ in human in some complex diseases such as AIDS and Parkinson Disease in comparison with normal cells. For instance, the studies on breast cancer cells showed that Bag-1 expression can be used as a prognostic marker to monitor the disease progression. Recently, it is postulated that high Bag-1 expression is also a prognostic marker for colon cancer. Bag-1 isoforms appear to be differently localized in the cells. Main Bag-1 isoforms which are observed in humans are Bag-1S (36 kDa), Bag-1M (46 kDa) and Bag-1L (50 kDa). There is also another isoform of Bag-1, 29 kDa, however, since it is very scarce in the cell and thus is not consistently detected. Bag -1 isoforms are produced by alternative translation initiation of single mRNA transcript; thereby they differ in their N-terminus related to translation initiation. All of Bag -1 isoforms commonly include ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) and Bag domain (BD) in their C-terminus. Even though ULD doma in function is not known clearly its evolutional conservation and relations with proteosom machinary indicates that ULD is necessary for stress tolerance. Bag-1L is localized in nucleus by means of its nuclear localization signal (NLS). NLS does not exist in Bag-1M which is cytosolic but can be translocated to nucleus via only companion proteins and Bag -1S which always presents in cytosol. N-terminus of Bag-1L and Bag-1M consist of eight TXSEEX repeats. It is shown that these repeats have a role in DNA bind ing and transcription activation depending on their nuclear localizations. Having less repeat sequences, Bag -1S is the shortest isoform in the cells. Bag-1 has many critical roles in the cell through its interactions with certain target molecules to regulate carcinogenesis, differentiation, motility, proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and transcription. Nuclear hormone receptors, Siah, CHIP, HGF receptor, Hsp70/Hsc70 complex, Bcl-2, and C-Raf (Raf-1) are known interacting partners of Bag-1.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Anahtar kelimeler
Hsp70/Hsc70 complex,
Hsp70/Hsc70 complex