Led Işık Kaynaklı Enerji Verimli Endüstriyel Aydınlatma Armatürü Optik Tasarımı
Led Işık Kaynaklı Enerji Verimli Endüstriyel Aydınlatma Armatürü Optik Tasarımı
Dosyalar
Tarih
Yazarlar
Gündüz, Niyazi
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Enerji Enstitüsü
Energy Institute
Energy Institute
Özet
Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte insanoğlunun enerjiye olan talebi hergün artmaktadır. Yeryüzünün sınırlı kaynakları ve sürdürebilirlik kavramı düşünüldüğünde, gelecek kuşaklara daha temiz ve yaşanabilir bir çevre bırakmak için enerji verimli sistemlerin kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda, elektrik enerjisi tüketimi içinde önemli bir paya sahip olan aydınlatma sistemlerinde en etkili elemanlardan biri olan enerji verimli armatürlerin kullanımı da üzerinde çalışılması gereken bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ülkemizde tüketilen elektrik enerjisinin yaklaşık yarısının harcandığı endüstriyel tesislerde enerji verimli armatürlerin kullanıldığı tesisatlarla önemli enerji tasarrufu sağlanmasının yanısıra, iş verimi de artırılarak ülke gayri safi milli hasılamıza önemli katkılar yapılabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, endüstriyel tesisler için tasarlanan enerji verimli armatürlerin uzun ömürlü, bakım ve işletme masraflarının az olması, görsel, güvenlik ve aydınlatma kriterleri açısından gerekli özellikleri sağlaması esastır. Armatür tasarımında en önemli ve en kritik süreçlerden biri optik tasarımdır. Çünkü çıplak lamba herzaman istenilen ışık dağılımını vermeyebilir. Bu yüzden ışığa yön vermek, onu daha verimli kullanmak adına verimli optik tasarımlar yapılmalıdır. LED (ışık yayan diyot) ışık kaynaklarının etkinlik faktörü değerlerinin yükselmesi ile genel aydınlatmada kullanımları da arttırmıştır. Ancak LED'lerin geleneksel lambalardan farklı oluşu tasarım süreçlerinin daha farklı ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda optik tasarım programlarının bilinçli bir şekilde kullanılmaları büyük kolaylık sağlayabilmektedir. Endüstriyel tesislerde görsel konfor, görsel performans ve güvenlik kriterleri çerçevesinde aydınlatma çözümleri sunulmalıdır. Ülkemizde kabul edilen TS EN 12464-1 iş mahallerinin aydınlatılması standartında belirtilen aydınlatma kriterlerine uygun aydınlatma çözümleri yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada da bu standart esas kabul edilmiş ve hesaplamalar buna göre yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında endüstriyel tesislerde aydınlatma tasarım kriterleri açıklanmış ve LED ışık kaynakları ile geleneksel lambalardan endüstriyel tesislerde özellikle yüksek tavanlı üretim hollerinde kullanılmaları en uygun lamba tipleri olan metal halojen ve flüoresan lambalar incelenmiştir. LED ışık kaynaklı armatür tasarım süreçleri ve optik ışık kontrolünün temel prensipleri verilip, optik ışık kontrolünde kullanılan malzemeler de incelenerek optik tasarım anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra, enerji verimli çözümler üretebilmek için LED ışık kaynaklı armatürler tasarlanmıştır. Endüstriyel üretim holünü temsil edebilecek taban alanı sabit, yükseklikleri 6, 8, 10 ve 12 m olarak değişen bir hacimde 200, 300 ve 500 lx ortalama aydınlık düzeyleri için ortalama düzgünlüğü sağlanacak şekilde, tez kapsamında tasarlanan armatürler kullanılarak aydınlatma tasarım hesapları yapılmıştır. Bu hesaplar 150W ve 250W metal halojen lambalı, 2x58W ve 4x58W flüoresan lambalı yüksek tavan armatürleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen aydınlatma tasarım sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmış ve enerji verimli armatürler belirlenmiştir. LED ışık kaynaklı armatür tasarımları yapılırken ısıl ve elektriksel verimler günümüz koşullarında ulaşılabilen değerlerde kabul edilmiş, armatürlerin sadece optik tasarımları detaylı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre, iyi tasarlanmış LED ışık kaynaklı armatürlerle gerçekleştirilen tesisatlarda, baz alınan 150W ve 250W metal halojen lambalı armatürlere göre %26,6 ile %32,9 arasında, 2x58W ve 4x58W flüoresan lambalı armatürlere göre ise %9,1 ile %23,9 arasında enerji tasarrufu sağlanabildiği belirlenmiştir.
Energy demand of human kind is increasing day by day with developing technology. Energy efficient systems must be preferred in order to leave a viable environment to the future generations by regarding limited sources of the earth and sustainability concept. In this manner, when the lighting systems, which have important amount within electrical energy consumption, are considered, the usage of energy efficient luminaires is quite crucial. In Turkey, the approximately half of electrical energy are consumed by industry. Hence, the usuage of energy efficient luminaires in industry provide energy saving and make a major contribution to gross national product. In addition to this, it is essential that the energy efficient luminaires must have long life, low maintenance and operating costs and provide the necessary specifications in terms of visual, safety and lighting criteria for industrial lighting. Optical design is one of the most important and critical processes in luminaire design. This is because; the bare lamp might not provide the desired light distribution all the time. Therefore, efficient optical design must be made to direct the light and to use it more efficiently. Admittedly, the increase in the efficacies of LED (light emitting diode) light sources lead an increase of usage of LEDs in general lighting applications. However, since LEDs are different from the conventional light sources, the design procces must be investigated seperately. Hence, making use of optical design softwares consciously shall provide substantial convenience when making designs. Lighting solutions are provided at the industrial facilities with the concerns of visual comfort, visual performance and security criteria. These solutions must be carried out according to the lighting of the work environments standard TS EN 12464-1, which is accepted in Turkey. In this study, these standards have been considered and the calculations have been done accordingly. It has been aimed in this thesis that how much energy efficient the use of LED based luminaires in industrial facilities instead of the conventional luminaires based on 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps are. Since the ceiling heights can be changed for every industrial facility, it is obvious that one luminous flux and light distribution curve for luminaire can not be enough. Therefore, while LED based luminaires are designed, the equivalent luminous fluxes are selected 12000 lm and 20000 lm as a design criteria because of the based conventional luminaires? luminous flux. Besides, it has been elaborated that based conventional luminaires are the most efficient inside their group and goaled energy saving potential for the best luminaires. In the second chapter of thesis, the lighting criteria in industrial facilities have been clarified and LED light sources, metal halogen and fluorescent lamps from conventional light sources, which are most suitable lamp types for high-ceiling industrial facilities, have been analyzed. In the third chapter of thesis, luminaire design process of LEDs and the fundamental principles of the optic light control have been presented while the optical design and the optic materials used in the lighting control is being investigated and explained. In the fourth chapter of thesis, in order to yield energy efficient solutions, LED based luminaires have been designed. Luminaire calculations have been done in an environment, which represents industrial production hall, has 16 m width, 40 m length for base area and changing heights of 6, 8, 10 and 12 m where the illuminances are 200, 300 and 500 lx. For this environment, it has been taken that working plane is 1 m, maintanence factor is 0,8 and it was considered that all luminaires are surface mounted for all calculations. While LED based luminaire?s designs are made, the thermal and electrical efficiencies were accepted in a considerable range and thus, luminaire has been designed and analyzed only optically. These calculations are compared with results for IP65 class high-bay luminaires, which have 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps, and energy efficient luminaires are determined. In fifth and last chapter of thesis, results and suggests for the future studies have been given according to the obtained data. According to the this data, the use of well-designed LED based luminaires instead of based conventional high-bay luminaires, provide energy saving and represent energy efficient lighting installations in the same industrial production hall for 200 and 300 lx illuminance; with the use of wide beam in 6 and 8 m height, with the use of medium beam in 10 and 12 m height; for 500 lx illuminance; with the use of wide beam in 6 m height, with the use of medium beam in 8 and 10 m height,with the use of narrow beam in 12 m height. Therefore, more efficient lighting systems can be obtained by luminaires that have narrow beam when the ceiling heights are increased. In addition to this, while it is suggested using of luminaires that have a lower luminous flux (e.g. 12000 lm) in low ceiling heights (e.g. 6 and 8 m), it is suggested using of luminaires that have a higher luminous flux (e.g. 20000 lm) in high ceiling heights (e.g. 10, 12 m and above) because of low luminaire quantities and initial investment cost of installation of lighting fixture. Selecting the length of luminaires? suspension fittings of various heights to provide the same results of the calculations will be possible for a higher ceiling heights. Also, the ceiling, wall and floor reflection coefficients in the place that will be illuminated affect uniformity and glare. Hence, the use of light-colors for ceiling, wall and floor and keeping them clean in an industrial environment will be extremely useful. Due to the properties of SPEOS optical design program used in this study, the glare ratios of luminaire excluded. Since the solving of glare problem is crucial in small-sized and intensive light flux LED based lighting solutions, it will be useful for the future studies. Consequently, the well-designed luminaires with LEDs result between %26,6 and %32,9 energy saving than those of the conventional luminaires employed with 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, and result between %9,1 and %23,9 energy saving than those of the conventional luminaires employed with 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps. Thus, according to the obtained simulation results, although the using of LED based luminaires in industry is quite efficient, the initial investment cost of installation and pay back time should be considered for energy efficiency and saving potantial.
Energy demand of human kind is increasing day by day with developing technology. Energy efficient systems must be preferred in order to leave a viable environment to the future generations by regarding limited sources of the earth and sustainability concept. In this manner, when the lighting systems, which have important amount within electrical energy consumption, are considered, the usage of energy efficient luminaires is quite crucial. In Turkey, the approximately half of electrical energy are consumed by industry. Hence, the usuage of energy efficient luminaires in industry provide energy saving and make a major contribution to gross national product. In addition to this, it is essential that the energy efficient luminaires must have long life, low maintenance and operating costs and provide the necessary specifications in terms of visual, safety and lighting criteria for industrial lighting. Optical design is one of the most important and critical processes in luminaire design. This is because; the bare lamp might not provide the desired light distribution all the time. Therefore, efficient optical design must be made to direct the light and to use it more efficiently. Admittedly, the increase in the efficacies of LED (light emitting diode) light sources lead an increase of usage of LEDs in general lighting applications. However, since LEDs are different from the conventional light sources, the design procces must be investigated seperately. Hence, making use of optical design softwares consciously shall provide substantial convenience when making designs. Lighting solutions are provided at the industrial facilities with the concerns of visual comfort, visual performance and security criteria. These solutions must be carried out according to the lighting of the work environments standard TS EN 12464-1, which is accepted in Turkey. In this study, these standards have been considered and the calculations have been done accordingly. It has been aimed in this thesis that how much energy efficient the use of LED based luminaires in industrial facilities instead of the conventional luminaires based on 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps are. Since the ceiling heights can be changed for every industrial facility, it is obvious that one luminous flux and light distribution curve for luminaire can not be enough. Therefore, while LED based luminaires are designed, the equivalent luminous fluxes are selected 12000 lm and 20000 lm as a design criteria because of the based conventional luminaires? luminous flux. Besides, it has been elaborated that based conventional luminaires are the most efficient inside their group and goaled energy saving potential for the best luminaires. In the second chapter of thesis, the lighting criteria in industrial facilities have been clarified and LED light sources, metal halogen and fluorescent lamps from conventional light sources, which are most suitable lamp types for high-ceiling industrial facilities, have been analyzed. In the third chapter of thesis, luminaire design process of LEDs and the fundamental principles of the optic light control have been presented while the optical design and the optic materials used in the lighting control is being investigated and explained. In the fourth chapter of thesis, in order to yield energy efficient solutions, LED based luminaires have been designed. Luminaire calculations have been done in an environment, which represents industrial production hall, has 16 m width, 40 m length for base area and changing heights of 6, 8, 10 and 12 m where the illuminances are 200, 300 and 500 lx. For this environment, it has been taken that working plane is 1 m, maintanence factor is 0,8 and it was considered that all luminaires are surface mounted for all calculations. While LED based luminaire?s designs are made, the thermal and electrical efficiencies were accepted in a considerable range and thus, luminaire has been designed and analyzed only optically. These calculations are compared with results for IP65 class high-bay luminaires, which have 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps, and energy efficient luminaires are determined. In fifth and last chapter of thesis, results and suggests for the future studies have been given according to the obtained data. According to the this data, the use of well-designed LED based luminaires instead of based conventional high-bay luminaires, provide energy saving and represent energy efficient lighting installations in the same industrial production hall for 200 and 300 lx illuminance; with the use of wide beam in 6 and 8 m height, with the use of medium beam in 10 and 12 m height; for 500 lx illuminance; with the use of wide beam in 6 m height, with the use of medium beam in 8 and 10 m height,with the use of narrow beam in 12 m height. Therefore, more efficient lighting systems can be obtained by luminaires that have narrow beam when the ceiling heights are increased. In addition to this, while it is suggested using of luminaires that have a lower luminous flux (e.g. 12000 lm) in low ceiling heights (e.g. 6 and 8 m), it is suggested using of luminaires that have a higher luminous flux (e.g. 20000 lm) in high ceiling heights (e.g. 10, 12 m and above) because of low luminaire quantities and initial investment cost of installation of lighting fixture. Selecting the length of luminaires? suspension fittings of various heights to provide the same results of the calculations will be possible for a higher ceiling heights. Also, the ceiling, wall and floor reflection coefficients in the place that will be illuminated affect uniformity and glare. Hence, the use of light-colors for ceiling, wall and floor and keeping them clean in an industrial environment will be extremely useful. Due to the properties of SPEOS optical design program used in this study, the glare ratios of luminaire excluded. Since the solving of glare problem is crucial in small-sized and intensive light flux LED based lighting solutions, it will be useful for the future studies. Consequently, the well-designed luminaires with LEDs result between %26,6 and %32,9 energy saving than those of the conventional luminaires employed with 150W and 250W metal halogen lamps, and result between %9,1 and %23,9 energy saving than those of the conventional luminaires employed with 2x58W and 4x58W fluorescent lamps. Thus, according to the obtained simulation results, although the using of LED based luminaires in industry is quite efficient, the initial investment cost of installation and pay back time should be considered for energy efficiency and saving potantial.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Enerji Enstitüsü, 2012
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2012
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2012
Anahtar kelimeler
Enerji,
Mühendislik Bilimleri,
Energy,
Engineering Sciences