LEE- Atmosfer Bilimleri-Doktora
Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI
Gözat
Konu "halk sağlığı" ile LEE- Atmosfer Bilimleri-Doktora'a göz atma
Sayfa başına sonuç
Sıralama Seçenekleri
-
ÖgeAnalysis of the effects of air pollution on respiratory system diseases in İstanbul(Graduate School, 2021-06-12) Çapraz, Özkan ; Deniz, Ali ; 511142004 ; Atmospheric SciencesBreathing is the most basic human function required to sustain life. Humans are exposed to different types of air polluting substances present in air originating form various emission sources like industry, heating and traffic in cities and large urbanised areas. Breathing air contaminated with toxic substances produces health risks for individuals. Sensitive and vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, the elderly and those already suffering from respiratory and other serious illnesses are especially affected from air pollution. In the meantime, there is strong evidence that reductions of air pollution make a positive effect on public health. The relationship between air pollutants and its health effects has not been studied extensively so far in İstanbul and Turkey. The scope of this thesis is to assess the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul in order to better understand the association between air pollution and respiratory health in the largest city of Turkey. In this thesis, the relationship between air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul was investigated for the period of 2013 – 2017 using single-pollutant Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) while controlling for time trends and meteorological factors. Hourly air pollution data, including PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, were obtained from the database of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the government agency in charge of collection of air pollution data in Turkey. The daily concentrations for each pollutant were averaged from the available monitoring results of fixed-site stations of Air Quality Monitoring Network in İstanbul under Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. To allow adjustment for the effect of weather on hospital admissions, hourly meteorological data (temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from the Air Quality Monitoring Stations where meteorological measurements are also made. We have used daily means of the pollutants and weather variables calculated from the hourly data to represent the daily reading for İstanbul. Data of daily respiratory hospital admissions of the public hospitals in İstanbul from March 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 (1767 days) were obtained from the database of the hospitals which are coordinated by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. This thesis study is based on 3 SCI articles. In the first article, the associations between the daily variations of air pollutants and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in İstanbul, the largest city of Turkey was examined. A time series analysis of counts of daily hospital admissions and outdoor air pollutants was performed using single-pollutant Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) while controlling for time trends and meteorological factors over a 3-year period (2013 - 2015) at different time lags (0 - 9 days). Effects of the pollutants (Excess Risk, ER) on current-day (lag 0) hospital admissions to the first ten days (lag 9) were determined. Data on hospital admissions, daily mean concentrations of air pollutants of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and daily mean concentrations of temperature and humidity of İstanbul were used in the study. The analysis was conducted among people of all ages, but also focused on different sexes and different age groups including children (0 - 14 years), adults (35 - 44 years) and elderly (≥65 years). Significant associations between air pollution and respiratory related hospital admissions were found in the city. Our findings showed that the relative magnitude of risks for an association of the pollutants with the total respiratory hospital admissions was in the order of: PM2.5, NO2, and PM10. The highest association of each pollutant with total hospital admission was observed with PM2.5 at lag 4 (ER = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09 - 1.99), NO2 at lag 4 (ER = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.53) and PM10 at lag 0 (ER = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.33 - 0.89) for an increase of 10 mg/m3 in concentrations of the pollutants. In conclusion, this study showed that short-term exposure to air pollution was positively associated with increased respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul and women and elderly people were more sensitive to respiratory risk of air pollution. In the second article, the Saharan dust particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) episode on İstanbul in February 2015 by using air quality and meteorological data with NASA satellite images and Aqua/Modis Satellite aerosol products was examined. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of dust transportation on İstanbul's air quality. Although the effect of Saharan dust transportation on PM10 concentrations in Turkey was examined many times, its effect on PM2.5 concentrations has not been studied yet sufficiently. In February 2015, İstanbul experienced a Saharan dust episode and during this event the concentrations of particulate matter rose to very high levels. Satellite products, and air quality monitoring data from ground observations were utilized. On 01 February 2015, a cyclone centered on Adriatic Sea with a 990-hPa low pressure center caused a southerly wind event on the eastern Mediterranean. Desert sands lifted by strong winds hovered off the coasts of North Africa and spanned the Aegean Sea, passing over Istanbul and reaching as far north as the Black Sea. The dust storm hit the Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, andMediterranean Sea regions of Turkey. Dust-laden weather was accompanied by low atmospheric pressure, warm air, and strong winds during the episode. The daily average air temperature on the day of the event was 17.4 °C which is well above the average (6.1 °C) and maximum temperature (9 °C) values of February of İstanbul. The daily average wind speed (6.5 m/s) was also remarkably high compared with the average wind speed value (2.6 m/s) of the city. On 01 February, very high AOD values (>1.0) were observed due to atmospheric dust transportation starting from the northern part of Libya, passing through the Aegean Sea and reaching to Black Sea over İstanbul. PM10 concentrations climbed to 325.1 μg/m3 on 01 February. However, PM2.5 concentrations did not increase considerably, only a slight increase occurred. This study showed that the PM10 concentrations increased significantly during the dust episode while PM2.5 concentrations did not increase considerably. There was only a slight rise in the values of PM2.5. The significant increase for the PM10 values can be explained by the higher gravitational settling velocities of coarse particles in the atmosphere. Another result of this study is the dust storm period was not significantly associated with respiratory hospital admissions. In the third article, the effects of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and NO2) on hospital admissions for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute bronchitis to better understand the association between air pollution and respiratory diseases were assesed in the city. In order to investigate the health effects of air pollutants (Excess Risk, ERR), a time-series analysis of daily respiratory hospital admissions and outdoor air pollutants was performed using single-pollutant Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) over a 5- year period (2013–2017) at different time lags (0–9). Our results show that air pollutants have significant immediate and delayed effects on hospital admissions depending on different diseases. NO2 and PM2.5 have the highest risk effects on the hospital admissions. According to the results, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 2.0 % (95%CI: 0.63–6.30) increase at lag 5, PM2.5 with a 2.15 % (95%CI: 1.57–2.96) increase at lag 1 and NO2 with a 2.3 % (95%CI: 1.33–3.96) increase at lag 7 in the number of hospital admissions for asthma, respectively. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 1.62 % (95%CI: 0.42–6.32) increase at lag 0, PM2.5 with a 1.78 % (95 %CI: 0.28–11.3) increase at lag 8 and NO2 with a 1.41 % (95%CI: 0.50–3.96) increase at lag 8 in the number of hospital admissions for COPD, respectively. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with a 0.84 % (95%CI: 0.56–1.26) increase at lag 0, PM2.5 with an 8.06 % (95%CI: 3.36–19.4) increase at lag 9 and NO2 with a 0.73 % (95%CI: 0.68–0.77) increase at lag 0 in the number of hospital admissions for acute bronchitis, respectively. Compared to PM10 and NO2, the risk effect of PM2.5 on acute bronchitis is much higher. This study showed that air pollution is associated with increased hospital admissions for some of the most common and serious respiratory diseases in Turkey.