LEE- Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı
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Yazar "Akyüz, Emre" ile LEE- Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
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ÖgeA case study work on self heating and explosion risks of coal cargo in marine transportation(Graduate School, 2022-02-21) Görgün, Hakan ; Akyüz, Emre ; 512191055 ; Maritime Transportation EngineeringDespite human being's efforts on reducing consumption of fossil fuels for the green hause gas effect reduction purpose, coal consumption is still increasing. New mines are being discovered and put in service. So, production and maritime transportation of unknown coal types by means of self-heating and explosive gas emitting characteristics rises with new mines and new coal types having different characteristics. For the lots of ports and areas all over the world, coal experts having knowledge of coal cargo characteristics derived form historical information and experiences and they provide their advice based on such information on hand in case of need. In fact, the shippers at ports are using the past experiences of the coal cargo shipped from their mines in the cargo information being provided to the Masters prior to loading. However, putting new mines in service and loading new coal parcels which were not shipped before, result with transportation of the cargo with shortage on self-heating and explosive gas emitting characteristics knowledge prior to loading. Of course, the heat and explosion are not the only risks of coal carriage by sea, but we will not evaluate the other risks in this thesis. The main rule maker of the maritime industry is the IMO and the main instrument of the IMO on coal cargo risk mitigation is the IMSBC Code. This instrument categorises the solid bulk cargoes being transported by sea into three groups according to the dangers posed. The groups are called as Group-A, Group-B and Group-C. Group-A cargoes has liquefaction danger depending moisture content of the parcels being transported by vessels. The coal cargo may also have characteristics of Group-A containing liquefaction risk, and it is added to the IMSBC Code by IMO-MSC Resolution MSC.426(98) which adopted on 15th June, 2017 but the liquefaction risk will not be mentioned in the thesis anymore. Group-B cargoes composes chemical danger where the main topic of this thesis included. Regulatory guidances for the coal's chemical danger mitigation can be found in this part of the IMSBC Code. Group-C cargoes are neither liable to liquefy (Group A) nor to possess chemical hazards (Group B), but can possess other dangers than stated ones in Group-A and Group-B. The topic of the thesis is being included in Group-B cargo of coal and its dangers being taken into account in the code under this group are; making the atmoshphere dangerous for livings by emitting or depleting the gases, emitting chemical gasses which may cause fire and explosion and composing corrosive chemical dangers to the compartment stowed in, related equipments and livings consequently. Among all such dangers that coal may compose, the potential for causing self-heat/fire and explosion due to the gas emissions will be the topic of this study. Such risks will not constitute potentials only against safety of life and vessel, but may harm the commercial issues seriously with or without harming the safety of life and vessel. Despite having above mentioned IMO instrument, it is being observed that, Masters are still struggling to make proper decisions on how to evaluate and mitigate chemical risks of the coal cargo. The risks exist not only against to maritime safey, but also to the maritime commerce. Lots of fatalities and damages to property occurred in the incidents caused by such risks, huge amounts and numbers of claims arisen in the past. These claims, unfortunately still being rised in the industry. Marine insurance is to recover the claims arisen after coal cargo incidents, so we may accept that the P&I clubs are being the most affected stake holders in maritime business by means of recovering the costs. As a result, the risks constituting the topic of our study, are mostly being researched by insurance companies and bulletins, circulars are being published as reminder / refresher to maritime management companies ans seafafrers as well. The IMSBC Code, The SOLAS Convention (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), The IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) and some others published by the international maritime rule maker body, The IMO, contributes to safety of maritime carriage by enforcing some responsibilities both to shipper and carrier. The core responsilities assigned to the shipper are to provide sound cargo and correct/proper cargo information providing to Master. Seafarers will apply the professional diligence to cargo with the training taken by them, the guidance of publications on board and their experiences after obtaining cargo information. The physical construction and design of the vessels are being completed under similar requirements. Eventually, the risk mitigation components are being built with all aspects mentioned above and the incidents might be prevented if all completed successfully. Human being has made significant progress in the design of the physical stcructures of the ship and its equipment. This is one of the components in preventing accidents, and with technological developments the contribution is still increasing. Since, the inspection regime on the physical construction and design of the ships is very strict, the number of incidents with coal carriage caused by inadequate ship design and physical condition are quite low compared to the other factors. However, the inspection regimes on the issues of sound cargo, correct and proper cargo information, and seafarer's due diligence during voyage are still not at the desired level. The defects on those issues can be observed even not making any analysis of the incidents being occurred. Based on above info and the purpose of providing clarification, this thesis will perform a case study approach by use of "Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis" method and will try to provide an additional light for the Masters, their representatives on board and managing company representatives to manage safer coal transports by vessels. In the Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis method, the fault tree constructed for self-heating and explosion risks will be used to determine base events/faults and their possibilities will be defined by expert judgements. Then, sample cases will be evaluated to determine sector inadequacies and proposals will be provided to overcome them. As a conclusion, the thesis will contribute maritime safety researchers and maritime professionals for minimizing potential risks before loading and during transport of coal cargoes on-board ships. Accordingly, improvement advice will we provided, the outcomes of the thesis will be presented to maritime stakeholders such as P&I Clubs, training bodies, seafarers, and institutions to enhance safety knowledge on the gas emission and self-heating dangers of coal. I believe, the findings of this study will provide contribution to IMSBC Code with respect to its guidelines on the coal cargo gas emissions and self-heating precautions & guidances.
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ÖgeA comprehensive analysis of maritime incidents from a personal injury perspective(Graduate School, 2024-06-10) Yalçın, Duygu ; Akyüz, Emre ; 512211003 ; Maritime Transportation EngineeringMaritime accidents continue to be a significant concern all around the world. Although the public may mostly associate these incidents with vessels and assets, these incidents not only pose threats to significant financial losses but also have bigger consequences, like harm to the environment and potential risks to human life. Accidents involving property loss, fatalities, injuries, or environmental damage are investigated to determine responsibility and root causes, enabling strategies to prevent future occurrences and enhance maritime safety. Reporting and investigating such incidents are vital and required by international laws and conventions. Organizations have integrated thorough accident reporting and analysis into their operations, resulting in comprehensive reports that help prevent future incidents. For instance, The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) Annual Overview of Marine Casualties and Incidents 2023 report, covering 2014-2022. Average annual fatalities decreased from 114 in 2014 to 38 in 2022, and injuries from 999 in 2014 to 525 in 2022. Additionally, The Transportation Safety Board of Canada reported a similar decline in 2022, with marine fatalities dropping to seven from an average of fifteen. Similarly, The Maritime Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) investigates UK maritime accidents and publishes annual reports. From 2013 to 2022, an average of 116 commercial ship crew members were injured annually. Despite these decreasing trends in the total number of casualties, a significant increase is observed in upper limb injuries, particularly hands, and fingers in the reports between 2020 to 2022. This study aims to identify trends causing personal injuries and compare them with findings from MAIB. Such a comparison will help determine whether injury trends are consistent across different organizational environments or if they differ significantly. The ultimate goal is to obtain insights that will guide the development of more effective prevention strategies and safety measures tailored to the unique conditions of the ship's organizational structure. The study examined five years of marine incident data involving approximately 35 MR-sized ships operated by a Turkish ship management company. A comprehensive analysis of variables and root causes of injuries was conducted using descriptive statistics. The company's incident management procedure was integrated with the Marine Systematic Cause Analysis Technique (MSCAT) for root cause analysis. Additionally, the European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) classification system was used to further explore numerous factors contributing to injuries. The research analyzed 6,863 qualitative maritime incident reports collected from thirty-five different ships managed by the same company between 2018 and 2023. These reports, a primary qualitative data source, included detailed descriptions of the incident's outcome, severity, type of loss or potential loss, event sequences, and environmental conditions. The methodology employed a data-driven approach, incorporating statistical analysis to interpret the semi-structured and unstructured narrative descriptions. This process began with the preparation of data according to the company's incident management procedures, involving the compilation, classification, and formatting of the data. Each report underwent manual screening to verify completeness. Subsequently, the data were organized and converted into quantitative variables for statistical analysis, while preserving the original text for content analysis. The research focused on four main variables frequently used in maritime accident studies: accidents, near misses, unsafe acts, and conditions. Within this framework, near misses, unsafe acts, and conditions were treated as leading indicators, while accidents were considered lagging indicators. Incidents resulting in personal injuries were analyzed in terms of the severity and location of the injuries, the work processes involved, contributing materials and agents, modes of injury, affected body parts, and root causes. The analysis adhered to the company's incident management procedures, employing MSCAT mapping for detailed root cause analysis and the ESAW classification to further delineate the specifics of the injuries. This comprehensive methodological approach systematically identified and addressed factors contributing to injuries, enhancing the understanding of maritime safety dynamics. The data and statistics used in this analysis do not include personal identifiers such as age, gender, or nationality. Furthermore, information regarding the ranks of individuals involved was not categorized. This decision was based on the understanding that errors are normal and can occur regardless of an individual's rank, gender, or nationality. This approach reflects a focus on systemic factors rather than personal attributes or hierarchical status in understanding incidents. The analysis of data from this maritime company revealed that 37% of all incidents resulted in injuries ranging from minor to severe. Approximately 60% of these injuries were minor and treated with first aid, 27% required medical treatment, and 9.6% led to workday loss and sometimes urgent evacuation from the ship. The areas with the highest occurrence of personal injuries were the engine room (29%), the main deck (19%), and the provision storage areas and galley. The most common types of accidents were being struck by moving objects, slipping, tripping, falling, and bumping into objects. Slips and trips were notably prevalent in critical incidents, accounting for 41% of such cases. The study highlighted that hand and finger injuries were the most frequent, comprising 35% of injuries, consistent with MAIB annual reports. These injuries also accounted for 20% of critical injuries, underscoring their potential severity in maritime environments. Immediate factors contributing to injuries included the improper use of personal protective equipment, failure to adhere to safety procedures, and inadequate securing and protection. In 51% of personal injury accidents, the primary cause was identified as a lack of competence, typically characterized by a lack of situational awareness and risk perception. The study suggests that future research might employ statistical methods such as regression analysis and predictive modeling to identify patterns within datasets. Additionally, collecting more company-specific data and expanding the literature will provide a more comprehensive perspective on injury trends.
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ÖgeA numerical risk analysis approach on salvage operation of grounded vessels(Graduate School, 2022) Okuyucu, Oğuz Can ; Akyüz, Emre ; 712743 ; Maritime Transportation Engineering ProgrammeMaritime is one of the most influential actors of world trade, whose importance is increasing day by day. In addition to this great importance, maritime is full of risks with a wide variety of serious consequences. For this reason, safety is at the center of the maritime industry and risk analysis has an important place in academic studies on the maritime industry. One of the most dangerous operations in maritime is salvage. Salvage has several sub- sections, such as salvaging a wrecked ship, removing sunken ships or valuable materials, and harbor cleaning. Salvage operations are operations involving heavy loads for long periods and high-risk activities. Considering that each accident has different variables, there is no single truth in salvage. For example, the ship may have run aground in a sandy area or a rocky area, or may have been involved in a collision and therefore severely damaged or sunk. Risk situations will vary according to the situation and planning to be made according to the variable situation of the accident and the operation to be performed. When considered from this point of view, risk analysis is of great importance in the field of salvage. In the light of this information, it is aimed to make a general risk analysis in the salvage operation of the stranded ship in this thesis. Although salvage operations differ in themselves, the main realities of salvage and the risks determined in the light of lived experiences are focused on. In this context, HAZOP and LOPA methods will be combined in risk analysis assessment and the order of magnitude approach will be used for quantification. First of all, the initial events, the undesired consequences of deviations, and the safety measures that can be taken will be determined by the HAZOP method. Then, with the LOPA method, the frequency of initial events, the severity of undesirable consequences, and the risk reduction values of safety measures will be determined by the order of magnitude approach.
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ÖgeA quantitative approach on human factor analysis in maritime operations(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Erdem, Pelin ; Akyüz, Emre ; 686914 ; Deniz Ulaştırma MühendisliğiThe maritime authorities and international organizations have taken the issue of the pivotal role of the human element and its contribution to the safety of ship operations very seriously due to the growing global concern over maritime disasters. At this point, that at least 80 per cent of shipping casualties are related to the human element is underpinned by the conducted studies and investigation reports published by organizations such as IMO (International Maritime Organization), ILO (International Labour Organization) and experts in the field. Despite the economic and technological improvements, since tragic events had caused the worst environmental disasters in recent years, never has the human element been so crucial in the safe operation of ships. However, although the issue of human contribution to unsafe shipboard operations needs to be the focal point of the researches, there has not been a qualified novel study that can meet the gap of the maritime transportation industry. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a uniquely quantitative approach to evaluate the human error probabilities (HEPs) and to analyse the increasing operational risks due to human errors. In this context, a hybrid approach incorporating Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Interval type-2 fuzzy-based Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) is developed. The approach, additionally contributing to current human error probability assessment methods in academic literature, is applicable to all shipboard operations regardless of vessel type. With the study under this thesis, it is predicted to provide supportive guidance that enables shipping companies to undertake the early detection of unsafe cargo operations before they get out of control. With the risk assessment concentrated on the concept of the human-related operational failure by implementing the hybrid approach, system vulnerabilities that could result in an undesired event are considerably detected and the awareness in shipping safety management is increased. It is also predicted to reach solid targets by providing both qualitative and quantitative data to maritime container transportation safety as well as an insight into what measures may be necessary to reduce future losses. A hybrid approach that differs from a traditional HEP assessment, suitable customization to containership platform, a methodology that involves key risk and performance shaping factors (PSFs) based on the literature, industry standards, technical knowledge of marine experts and analysis of marine accident investigation reports, increased consistency in expert judgements, and analysis of the root causes of major risks to operational safety can be mentioned as original aspects of the thesis. Implementation of management of human error probability analysis integrating with risk analysis will provide a consistent tool for the maritime industry. As a result, the study offering proactive solutions to related issue of unsafe shipboard operations that closely related to both economic and environmental aspects of the maritime transportation industry will provide tangible contributions for enhancing safety.