FBE- İnşaat Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı - Doktora
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Yazar "Alshorafa, Raif" ile FBE- İnşaat Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı - Doktora'a göz atma
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ÖgeFormalization of information requirements for implementing building information modeling based on model uses(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Alshorafa, Raif ; Ergen Pehlevan, Esin ; 672559 ; İnşaat MühendisliğiBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) is an emerging approach that involves creating and maintaining an integral digital representation of building information through the project life cycle in the form of a data repository, including geometric and non-geometric data. BIM utilization rate is increasing, especially in complex projects due to public mandates or supports in leading countries. Yet, it is still challenging to incorporate BIM in projects since it requires a cultural change and intense planning and preparation before implementation. However, this change in the process and the accumulated knowledge in BIM adoption, are not well documented, and the informal BIM implementation processes do not support knowledge capture. One of the issues related to BIM implementation is observed in the process of determining the Level of Development. The Level of Development enables the users to represent the components in a BIM model in varying details from the lowest level of approximation to the highest level of representation. A specific Level of Development describes what information items (i.e., geometric and non-geometric) should be included in a BIM model. Furthermore, it allows the users of the BIM model to define its usability and limitations to perform specific tasks since it indicates which information items in a BIM model are reliable. It is critical to determine the right Level of Development from the very beginning of the construction process because of its vast influence on the progression of BIM implementation. However, reaching an agreement about which Level of development to be used is not a standard process in practice, and there is not even a consensus on the definition of the Level of Development yet due to vague terms used in the LOD definitions. Various researchers highlighted the importance of defining Levels of Development in detail; however, there is limited information on how the Level of Development is defined in practice and its implications on the performance of the project. If the right Level of Development was not determined and agreed upon at the beginning of a project by the parties, the BIM model will probably lack the necessary information that is required in the later phases of the project. A poorly defined Level of Development will lead to rework that is performed to update the model and eventually result in additional time and cost in the BIM-based processes. Moreover, if a deliverable could not be retrieved efficiently from the model, this might result in disputes. The aim of this study was to formalize the properties of elements to be included in a model to streamline the BIM model definition process. To achieve this aim, two main objectives were defined. The first objective was to describe the current practice in determining the Level of Development and required properties of the elements that are going to be used in the BIM model. The second objective was to formalize the information items to be included in a model based on the required BIM uses in order to provide guidance in implementing BIM. In order to achieve this aim, a qualitative study approach was adopted in two phases. In the first phase, four case studies were performed at four large-scale projects to depict the current practice in determining the Level of Development and the required properties of elements that are going to be included in a BIM model. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed to collect information from six professionals from four international firms. The organizational structure and BIM management organization within construction projects were investigated. The problems and obstacles faced while adopting BIM and the process of defining the Level of Development in practice were explored. Accordingly, the innovative approaches that were adopted to overcome these obstacles in defining the Level of Development and dealing with BIM were identified. A significant challenge in all the projects was that most of the parties were inexperienced in BIM and one party or a consultant had to lead the BIM adoption and/or perform training for the project members. The findings of the case studies revealed that defining the Level of development is an ambiguous process and requires high-cumulated experience. It was highlighted that the cost of including an element or related information in the model should be compared to the benefit of having that information in the model from the perspective of defined BIM uses. Creating element-based tables for the Level of Development definition was observed to be the most effective solution in practice. By using this approach, the amount of information to be entered into the model would be defined and mutually agreed upon by the parties from the beginning, and the disputes will be eliminated. Also, this approach will prevent the changes in the Level of Development of the elements later during the design and construction phases. In the second phase, a qualitative study with a triangulation approach was adopted. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with nine professionals to identify the information items that are required for the targeted five BIM uses (i.e., clash detection, 4D scheduling, quantity takeoff, shop drawings, and Facility management). The professionals filled out a form by selecting the required information items from a list of component properties for the specified BIM uses. The responses were analyzed to determine the most frequently selected information items for each BIM use. To capture varying opinions of different groups of practitioners working in different project types, three groups of respondents having three persons each participated in the study, and their responses were triangulated in two stages. In the first stage, the responses of three respondents in each group were triangulated to determine the group's response. In the second stage, the responses of the three groups were triangulated to determine the overall response of the respondents. The results were validated through the application of literal replication and external validation tests among the three groups of respondents. The literal replication resulted in a confident evaluation of the replication of obtained results among the first two groups of practitioners working on the same types of projects. On the other hand, the external validity was ensured by comparing the combined results of the first two groups with the third group of respondents working on different project types, i.e., the results were confidently valid internally and externally. The main sets of properties that were most frequently selected for two types of building components (i.e., duct and pipe) were categorized under six groups: 1) constraints, 2) mechanical properties, 3) dimensions, 4) insulation, 5) lining (in Duct Case) and 6) accessories. These groups of properties represent the minimum modeling requirements for the BIM uses considered in this study. The categories of Identity Data, Mechanical Flow, and Additional information were identified as the second-order groups of properties that can be added as required in other project types, or for other BIM uses. BIM uses related to Shop Drawing (ShD) creation and Facility Management (FM) were found to be the most information-demanding BIM uses due to their characteristics. Shop drawings include detailed information about the component and the installation process since they are used in the production phase. FM task required detailed information related to the operation and maintenance phase. The findings also indicated that more properties are required for transportation/infrastructure projects compared to commercial/residential projects for duct and pipe components and this can be an indication that more information is required for these types of projects due to more complicated MEP systems in transportation/infrastructure projects. The findings of the study can be used to improve the efficiency of the BIM adoption process and improve the decision-making capabilities of stakeholders in the AEC industry. It should be highlighted that the results are indicative due to the number of respondents and future research can consider reaching a larger number of practitioners in the field. Further research can be conducted on defining the information requirements for other types of components and other BIM uses. Future studies can be performed on large-scale projects implemented in other countries or regions. Also, automatically determining and entering the required information into the model is another research area. Artificial intelligence can be facilitated to capture the needed properties based on the types of spaces or relationships in the model under consideration.