LEE- Yer Sistem Bilimi Lisansüstü Programı

Bu topluluk için Kalıcı Uri

http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19499

Gözat

Yazar "Arıkan, Bülent" ile LEE- Yer Sistem Bilimi Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
  • Öge
    Studying the ancient settlement of Hacılar Büyük Höyük with integrated methods
    (Graduate School, 2022) Özdoğru, İnci Nurgül ; Arıkan, Bülent ; Küçükdemirci, Melda ; 714414 ; Earth System Science Programme
    Archaeology has great potential to illustrate the long-term human-environment interactions especially when it is supported by other disciplines and computational modeling. This holistic perspective provides a detailed analysis of landscape with a multidisciplinary framework that might provide an understanding of complex systems, including land use, interactions of the elements, and adaptation. The Hacılar Büyük Höyük, a major Early Bronze Age-I (ca. 3100 – 2900 BC) site in Burdur, (Turkey), has been the focus of this thesis. It has significant contribution to the knowledge of the Early Bronze Age-I (EBA-I, hereafter) and II phases in Southwest Anatolia with its settlement plan, defense system, archaeological remains, and its material culture. The primary goal of this research is to assess the long-term human-environment interactions at the site from an interdisciplinary perspective. In this research, three different digital-computational approaches have been used to assess the long-term changes in landscape around the site; GIS-based morphometric analysis, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR, hereafter), and Agent Based Modelling (ABM, hereafter). Data was collected via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, hereafter) photography, and sub-surface geophysical measurements. Through the use of GPR and GIS-based morphometric analyses, I will calculate the scale of settlement and its agro-pastoral (i.e., farming and herding) catchment areas. I will then integrate cultural, economic, and environmental parameters into an agent-based modeling platform where I will visualize the spatio-temporal impacts of human activities (e.g., de-vegetation, erosion, deposition) at the site. The geomorphometric analysis is used to figure out how geomorphological features on and around the settlement are distributed. To gain a better understanding of the landscape, the sky-view factor (SVF, hereafter) map and red relief image mapping (RRIM, hereafter) approaches were applied. A combination of morphometric analysis and field observation provides complementary information about the site, land, and surroundings. Then, GPR data were implemented and results analyzed. The geomorphic units are mapped and the estimated agricultural catchment area is identified based on the slope of the area and distance from the settlement as the flat area limited by the river considering the geomorphic units were similar with modern data. Based on the site's layout, it is possible to calculate the approximate population of the settlement considering that the casemates surround the mound. ABM is used to evaluate the effects of land use on surface processes as well as to calculate agricultural catchment areas based on precipitation and population data. The Macrophysical climate model (MCM) results were used in the model as the input climate data. The ABM used in this study is Medland Modeling Laboratory (MML, hereafter) to simulate how dry farming and ovicaprid-based, site-tethered pastoralism affected the landscape around the site. As a result of the study, possible archaeological structures buried underground were determined by using GPR. Then, model results show agricultural exploitation of the landscape and husbandry practices between 3100-2900 BC had varying degrees of impact on the environment and that population density is the most critical factor. Within the scope of the study, GPR and geomorphological analyses enabled to visualize to combine incorporate unearthed archaeological remains in the ABM for calculating the approximate human and animal population of the settlement. Then, four scenarios have been tested by changing the climate and increasing population variables for 200 years. The cumulative changes in the woodland vegetation, erosion, and deposition provide critical information about the land use patterns and anthropogenic impacts around the Hacılar Büyük Höyük during EBA-I. This thesis study illustrates that integrating the existing archaeological and anthropological data with the numerical models can benefit the interpretation of social structure at the settlement.
  • Öge
    The impact of paleoclimatic changes on the archaeological settlement patterns in the Gediz Graben (Western Türkiye) during the late pleistocene and holocene
    (Graduate School, 2024-05-28) Kolbüken, Mesut ; Arıkan, Bülent ; 601192009 ; Earth System Science
    The Gediz Graben has been an attractive area for human occupation due to its suitable geographical features such as the large arable land coupled with water sources that supported animals and plants attracted human groups and societies at different archaeological periods. The graben is one of the highly sensitive areas in the Anatolian Peninsula to climatic changes as the climatic patterns in the region have been controlled by both polar and tropical circulation systems. Therefore, the area provides a great opportunity to assess human-climate interaction. This research aims to reconstruct paleoclimate dynamics of the Gediz Graben since the late Last Glacial covering the last 21 ka and to contextualize human-environment interactions in archaeological settlement patterns in the region by using a multiple approach through different paleoclimate models (the Macrophysical Climate Model and CHELSA-TraCE21k) for paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature patterns and a new palynological record from core MAR03-02C in the Aegean Sea for the reconstruction of paleovegetation patterns with paleoclimate interpretations in the surrounding landmass. Based on the results of the paleoclimate models, in the late Last Glacial Period and the early Holocene, the climatic conditions of the graben were wetter (except paleoprecipitation of the CHELSA-TraCE21k) and colder than today. During the middle and late Holocene, the climate was generally stable, and near-modern patterns prevailed around 7 ka in the graben while the climatic shifts occurred at smaller amplitudes for shorter time periods in comparison to the previous periods. This pattern was recorded in variations in Mediterranean/temperate forests and herb/steppe plants. In the cold and dry late Last Glacial Period, low amounts of arboreal pollen and high percentages of cold/drought-tolerant Pinus and Cedrus trees with high amounts of herbaceous and steppe pollen, including Artemisia, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae Cichorioideae were recorded. Warm-temperate and Mediterranean trees, consisting of mainly deciduous Quercus and Quercus ilex-type trees, reached their maximum from the onset of the Holocene at ~11.7 to 6 ka, corresponding to the Holocene Climate Optimum. Subsequently, general aridity trends and nearly modern climate patterns prevailed. Variations in the paleovegetation, the paleoprecipitation and paleotemperature patterns indicate major climatic shifts associated with the Greenland Stadial 2, the Bølling-Allerød, the Younger Dryas, and the Holocene Climatic Optimum and some rapid climate changes, such as the 11.1, 9.4 8.2, 5.9, and the Little Ice Age cold events; a short warm interval of the Medieval warm period during the Holocene. In Gediz Graben, the patterns from the paleoclimate models and the palynological record show similarity with local and regional proxy data in the eastern Mediterranean. The archaeological settlements in the plain, which increased from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age except the Iron Age, gathered around water resources. The results suggest that the paleoenvironmental processes (the paleolakes, paleoclimatic conditions, paleovegetation patterns) contributed to the decisions concerning the locales of archaeological settlements on the Gediz Plain. Anthropogenic indicators plants with the onset of the Neolithic come into slight in the region. Especially, during the last 3.5 ka when cultivated plants became prominent in the pollen records (e.g., Olea europea and Pistacia), with a significant decline in warm-temperate trees until 1.2 ka, suggesting that the Beyşehir Occupation Phase is also recorded in the palynological records of core MAR03-02C in the Aegean Sea. As a result of this study, significant findings regarding paleoenvironmental changes in the region and human-environment interactions have been obtained. The results underscore the importance of making future plans regarding human-environment relationships in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, where Türkiye is prominently located, which notably demonstrates the impacts of the current climate change crisis. This highlights the necessity of taking measures to mitigate the effects of the climate crisis, strengthening societal resilience, and conserving natural resources.