Verimliliği Düşmüş Bataryaların Hizmet Sektöründe Kullanımı:akıllı Tesis Uygulaması
Verimliliği Düşmüş Bataryaların Hizmet Sektöründe Kullanımı:akıllı Tesis Uygulaması
Dosyalar
Tarih
2019-05-02
Yazarlar
Güven, Denizhan
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Enerji Enstitüsü
Energy Institute
Energy Institute
Özet
2030 yılı itibariyle dünyadaki elektrikli araç sayısının yaklaşık 220 milyon adete çıkacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Gün geçtikçe yaygınlaşan elektrikli araçların sayısına bağlı olarak kullanılan batarya sayısı da artmaktadır. Ancak, yapılan araştırmalara ve üretici garantisine göre elektrikli araçlarda kullanılan Lityum-iyon bataryalar, yaklaşık 8 yıl içinde kapasitelerinin yüzde 20'sini kaybetmektedirler ve bataryaların elektrikli araçlarda kullanımı sonlandırılmaktadır. Elektrikli araç sayısındaki artışla beraber oluşacak verimliliği düşmüş bataryaların tekrar değerlendirilmesi ise hem çevre hem de ekonomi için oldukça önemlidir. Her geçen gün artan enerji tasarruf bilinci, verimli, çevreci, sürdürülebilir ve yüksek kaliteli enerji çözümlerinin geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Halen enerji üretimi yüksek oranda fosil kaynaklara bağlıdır ve bu kaynaklar sınırlıdır. Bu durum ülkeler arasında enerji rekabetine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ülkeler ve şirketler daha sürdürülebilir bir enerji çeşidi olan yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları yatırımlarına başlamışlardır. Ne yazık ki, yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları fosil yakıtlara olan ihtiyacı tamamen ortadan kaldıramamaktadır. En önemli sebebi ise kaynakların belirsizliklerinden dolayı enerji arzındaki dengesizlikleri, tahmin edilmesinin değişken ve zor olması gösterilmektedir. Sisteme eklenecek depolama sistemleri ile bu dengesizlikten doğacak enerji fazlası ve açığı dengelenebilmektedir. Ayrıca, gelişen teknolojileri ve düşen fiyatlarıyla enerji depolama sistemleri daha da yaygınlaşmaktadırlar. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının depolama sistemleri ile olan entegrasyonu sonucu şebekeye bağlı veya şebekeden bağımsız mikro şebeke yapıları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mikro şebeke sistemlerinin enerji üretim altyapısı, mikro şebekenin kurulması planlanan konumdaki mevcut olan kaynağın türüne bağlı olarak, yenilenebilir ve geleneksel kaynaklar olarak sınıflandırılan farklı türlerdeki enerji kaynaklarına dayanabilir. Bu sistemlerde yenilenebilir enerji; güneş, rüzgâr, hidrolik, biokütle ve jeotermali içerirken, geleneksel enerji kaynakları arasında buhar / gaz türbinleri, mikro türbinler, pistonlu içten yanmalı motorlar ve yakıt hücreleri bulunur. Bu tür yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı ve depolama ünitesi içeren mikro şebekelerin birçok faydası vardır. Daha çevre dostu enerji üretimine olanak sağlaması, enerjide dışa bağımlılığın azaltılması, hem üretici hem de tüketici için maliyetin görece azalması, depolama ünitesi sayesinde hem kaliteli hem de kesintisiz enerji sağlanması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarındaki belirsizliğin azaltılması bu faydalar arasında sayılabilir. Mikro şebekelerde kullanılabilecek EDS'lerin birbirlerine göre birçok avantajı ve dezavantajı bulunmaktadır. Hiçbir depolama sisteminin; güç sistemi uygulamalarının bütün gereksinimlerini tek başına sağlaması mümkün değildir. Her bir depolama sisteminin kendine has farklı özellikleri vardır. Bu özelliklere uygun olarak, depolama sistemleri bazı uygulamalar için daha uygun olurken bazı uygulamalarda istenilen performansı gösterememektedirler. Kurulacak sistemin ihtiyaçlarını ve kısıtlarını karşılayacak teknolojik altyapı seçiminde önem arz eden kriterler göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu tezin amacı; insanlar için oldukça önemli bir hizmet binası olan hastanelerde, elektrik kesintilerinden ve enerji kalite problemlerinden kaynaklanacak sorunlara karşı kurulacak enerji depolama sisteminin önemini göstermektir. Hastanelerde yaşanan elektrik kesintilerinin insan hayatı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin oluşturulan model ile en aza indirgenmesi sağlanacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra, en yaygın yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan güneş panelleriyle üretim yapılan ve elektrikli araçlardan alınmış verimliliği düşmüş Lityum-iyon bataryalı enerji depolama ünitesinin hastanelerin enerji ihtiyacını, çizelgeleme modeline dayanarak en düşük maliyetle karşılayacak karar destek mekanizması tasarlamaktır. Tasarlanan sistem, hastane uygulamasına özel olarak çeşitli kısıtlar içermektedir. Bu kısıtlar göz önünde bulundurularak sistemdeki kritik yüklerin her zaman enerji taleplerinin karşılanması hedeflenmektedir. Geliştirilen çizelgeleme modelinin optimizasyonu ile saatlik olarak hangi kaynaktan ne kadar enerji alındığı ve nereye yönlendirildiği planlanmış olacaktır. Önerilen tasarım ile birlikte hastanedeki kritik yüklerin hiçbir şekilde enerjisiz kalmaması ve böylece hastanedeki operasyonların elektrik kesintilerinden ve elektrik kalitesi problemlerinden etkilenmemesinin yanı sıra hastane için elektrik maliyetinin azaltılması, depolama ünitesi ile enerji tasarrufu yapılması ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynağından yüksek oranda yararlanılması ile daha çevre dostu enerji üretimine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. 2016 yılına ait veriler kullanılarak oluşturulan çizelgeleme modeli, Excel Solver VBA programında doğrusal programlama modeli olarak kodlanmıştır. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, hastaneler için en kritik üniteler olan yoğun bakım ünitelerinin, resüsitasyon ünitelerinin ve ameliyathanelerin yük miktarları bulunmuştur ve modele entegre edilmiştir. Kurulan modelin, 150 yataklı, 7 ameliyathaneli, 25 yataklı yoğun bakım üniteli ve 4 resüsitasyon ünitesi olan bir hastanede uygulanması yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, hastanenin yatak kapasitesine bağlı olarak yıllık elektrik tüketimi hesaplanmış ve çeşitli katsayılar yardımıyla saatlik elektrik tüketimi bulunmuştur. Kurulan model 5 farklı senaryo ile incelenerek sistemin tasarruf miktarları ve bataryaların deşarj sayıları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, şebekeden çekilen enerjinin azalmasına bağlı bir senede ne kadar karbondioksit eşleniği doğrudan gaz emisyonu azaltılmasına katkı sağlandığı da verilmiştir. Tasarruf edilen bu miktarın ekonomik değeri, benzer kişi başına düşen milli gelir düzeyine sahip olan Meksika'daki karbon vergisi üzerinden ve Avrupa Birliği Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi'ndeki değerleme üzerinden hesaplanmıştır. İlk üç senaryoda, batarya dolum koşulu farklı piyasa takas fiyatlarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bu senaryolarda haftanın her günü ameliyat olduğu göz önünde bulundurulmuş ve bataryadaki enerji miktarının kritik yükleri en az bir saat elektriksiz bırakmaması kısıtı sağlanmıştır. Dördüncü senaryoda ise önceki üç senaryola arasından en verimlisi temel alınarak, ameliyatların sadece hafta içi ve cumartesi günleri olduğu daha gerçekçi bir yaklaşım denenmiştir. En son senaryoda ise model, dördüncü senaryodan farklı olarak depolama sistemindeki enerji kısıtı kritik yükleri en az iki saat destekleyecek kadar enerji bulunduracak şekilde çalıştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, sisteme entegre edilen enerji depolama sisteminin, hastanedeki kritik öneme sahip elektrik yüklerini sürekli beslemesi sağlanmış, böylece insan hayatını riske edecek elektrik kesintilerinin önüne geçilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, güneş panellerinin ve batarya sistemlerinin koordinasyonu ile elektrik harcamalarından tasarruf sağlanmıştır. 23 Aralık 2016 tarihinde yaşanan elektrik kesintisinde ve olağanüstü artan elektrik fiyatlarına karşın, kurulan enerji depolama sistemi sayesinde hastane bu dönemde elektriksiz kalmamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, bu süreçte yüksek elektrik fiyatlarına karşılık şebekeden temin edilen elektrik en düşük düzeyde tutulup depodaki elektrik kullanılarak oldukça yüksek miktarda tasarruf sağlandığı gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, enerji depolama sisteminin sadece hastaneler için değil birçok kamu kurumunun, hizmet ve endüstri tesisinin de enerji tasarrufu ve güvenliği için ne kadar önem arz ettiğinin oldukça çarpıcı bir göstergesidir. Bu tezde önerilen sistemin ana yapısını meydana getiren EV'lerden alınan verimliliği düşmüş lityum-iyon bataryaların tekrardan ülkemiz içinde değerlendirilmesi sonucu, ülke ekonomisi önemli bir tasarruf kalemi daha elde etmektedir. İlk yaşam döngüsünü EV'lerde tamamlayan bataryaların, yüzde 80 kapasiteleri kullanılabilecek durumda iken geri dönüşüme sokulması ülke ekonomisi için büyük bir kayıp olacaktır. Bataryaların yüksek geri dönüşüm maliyetlerinin yanında yurtdışından temin edilmelerinin de getirdiği yüksek kur maliyeti düşünüldüğünde, bataryaların sabit batarya olarak uzun yıllar boyunca hizmet etmesi ekonomimiz açısından da yararlı olacaktır. Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalarda farklı hastane bölgeleri için o alana uygun diğer alternatif enerji kaynakları (rüzgar, biogaz vb.) ve şebekeye enerji satışı imkanı da bu sisteme eklenerek, ihtiyaca göre modelde değişikliğe gidilebilir; günümüzde henüz oluşmamış atık pil piyasasının oluşumu tamamlandıktan sonra, gelecekteki araştırmaların boyutu yatırım fizibilitesi yapmaya da olanak verecek şekilde genişletilebilir, sistemde kullanılan güneş panellerinin açılarının ay bazında optimum düzeylerinin belirlenmesiyle birlikte güneşten elde edilen enerji miktarı daha yüksek seviyelere çıkartılabilir ve ileride ülkemizde karbon vergilendirme sistemlerin ve/veya karbon piyasalarının kurulması ile daha gerçekçi ve güncel tasarruf miktarları hesaplanabilir.
By the year 2030, it is estimated that the number of electric vehicles in the world will increase to approximately 220 million. Meanwhile, the number of batteries used in electric vehicles also increases. However, it is a well-known fact that the lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles lose 20 percent of their capacity in about 8 years and the use of batteries in electric vehicles is terminated. The re-use of the batteries, whose efficiency is diminished sufficient enough not to run the vehicles, is very important for both the environment and the economy in parallel with the increase in the number of electric vehicles. Increasing energy demand necessitates the development of efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable and high quality energy solutions. The energy produced is highly dependent on fossil sources and these resources are limited. This causes energy competition among countries. For this reason, countries and companies have started to invest in renewable energy resources, a more sustainable energy type. However, renewable energy sources can not be a complete substitute for fossil fuels. The most important reasons are the imbalances in energy supply due to uncertainties of sources and difficulties to predict. With the storage systems to be added to the system, the energy surplus and the deficit arising from this imbalance can be balanced. In addition, energy storage systems are becoming more widespread with developing technologies and decreasing prices. As a result of the integration of renewable energy sources with storage systems, on-grid or off-grid microgrid structures are emerging. The power generation infrastructure of micro-grid systems can be based on different types of energy sources classified as renewable and traditional sources, depending on the type of resource available at the planned location of the micro grid. While renewable energy systems include solar, wind, hydraulic, biomass and geothermal, the traditional sources of energy systems comprise steam/gas turbines, micro turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Micro grids including renewable energy sources and energy storage units have many benefits. These benefits include the reduction of the dependence on foreign energy, environment friendly energy production, the reduction of the cost for both the producer and the consumer, the provision of high quality and uninterrupted energy through the storage unit and the reduction of the uncertainty in renewable energy sources. Energy Storage Systems that can be used in micro grids have many advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. None of the storage systems is able to provide all the requirements of power system applications alone. Each storage system has its own distinct features. In accordance with these features, storage systems are more suitable for some applications, and in some applications they do not have the desired performance. Critical criterias should be taken into consideration when selecting the technological infrastructure to meet the needs and constraints of the system to be established. The aim of this thesis is; to show the importance of the energy storage system to be installed against the problems that will arise from power outages and energy quality problems in hospitals, which is a very important service building for people. The negative effects of the power outages in hospitals on human life will be minimized by the model. In addition, another objective is to design a decision support mechanism based on the scheduling model to meet the lowest cost of a system containing solar panels, which are one of the most widely used renewable energy sources, and energy storage units which are repurposed Lithium-ion batteries from EVs. The designed system contains various constraints specific to the hospital application. Considering these constraints, it is aimed to meet the energy demands of the critical loads in the system at all times. With the optimization of the developed scheduling model, it will be planned how much energy is taken from the source and where it is directed. In addition to the proposed design, the critical loads in the hospital are not de-energized and thus the operations of the hospital are not affected by the power outages and electrical quality problems. As well as reducing the cost of electricity for the hospital, saving energy with the storage unit and high utilization of the renewable energy source are aimed. The scheduling model created by using 2016 data was coded as linear programming model in Excel Solver VBA program. As a result of the research, electricity load amounts of intensive care units, resuscitation units and operating rooms which are the most critical units for hospitals were found and integrated into the model. The established model was run for a hospital with 150 beds, 7 operating rooms, 25 beds with intensive care units and 4 resuscitation units. In this context, annual electricity consumption was calculated depending on the bed capacity of the hospital and hourly electricity consumption was found with various coefficients. The model was analyzed with 5 different scenarios and the saving amounts of the system and the discharge numbers of the batteries were compared. In addition, due to the decrease in the energy drawn from the grid, it is also stated that how much carbon dioxide equivalent in a year contributes to the reduction of the direct gas emissions. The economic value of this saving was calculated based on (i) the carbon tax in Mexico, which has a similar per capita income level, and (ii) the valuation in the European Union Emission Trading System. In the first three scenarios, the battery charge condition was evaluated according to different market clearing prices. In these scenarios, it is assumed that the surgery operations are executed every day of the week , and the amount of energy in the battery is provided to prevent critical loads from being left without electricity for at least one hour. In the fourth scenario, a more realistic approach was attempted on the basis of the most efficient of the previous three scenarios, with surgery operations being only on weekdays and Saturdays. In the latest scenario, unlike the fourth scenario, the model was run in such a way that the energy constraint in the storage system contained enough energy to support critical loads for at least two hours. As a result of this study, it was ensured that the energy storage system integrated in the system continuously feeds the critical electric loads in the hospital, thus preventing power outages that would risk human life. In addition, electricity expenditures were reduced by the coordination of solar panels and battery systems. Despite the power outage and the remarkably increased electricity prices on 23 December 2016, the energy storage system provided the hospital enough electricity. In addition to this, it is observed that the electricity taken from the grid was kept at the lowest level in comparison to the high electricity prices, a considerable amount of saving is provided by using the electricity from the storage system. This is a striking indication of the importance of the energy storage system not only for hospitals, but also for many public institutions, services and industrial facilities for energy savings and security. In this thesis, as a result of the re-use of the repurposed lithium-ion batteries, which constitute the main structure of the proposed system, the country economy obtains an important saving item. Recycling of batteries, which have completed their first life cycle in EVs, will be a great loss for the country's economy while 80 percent capacity is still available. Considering the high cost of foreign exchange, besides the high recycling costs of the batteries, it would be beneficial for our economy to serve as a fixed battery for many years. In future studies, other suitable alternative energy sources (wind, biogas, etc.) for the location can be added to this system and the model can be changed according to the need. After the formation of the waste battery market, which has not yet established, is completed, the size of future researches can be extended to allow investment feasibility. By determining the optimum angles of the solar panels used in the system, the amount of energy obtained from the sun can be increased to higher levels. In the future, more realistic and updated savings can be calculated with the establishment of carbon taxation systems and / or carbon markets in our country.
By the year 2030, it is estimated that the number of electric vehicles in the world will increase to approximately 220 million. Meanwhile, the number of batteries used in electric vehicles also increases. However, it is a well-known fact that the lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles lose 20 percent of their capacity in about 8 years and the use of batteries in electric vehicles is terminated. The re-use of the batteries, whose efficiency is diminished sufficient enough not to run the vehicles, is very important for both the environment and the economy in parallel with the increase in the number of electric vehicles. Increasing energy demand necessitates the development of efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable and high quality energy solutions. The energy produced is highly dependent on fossil sources and these resources are limited. This causes energy competition among countries. For this reason, countries and companies have started to invest in renewable energy resources, a more sustainable energy type. However, renewable energy sources can not be a complete substitute for fossil fuels. The most important reasons are the imbalances in energy supply due to uncertainties of sources and difficulties to predict. With the storage systems to be added to the system, the energy surplus and the deficit arising from this imbalance can be balanced. In addition, energy storage systems are becoming more widespread with developing technologies and decreasing prices. As a result of the integration of renewable energy sources with storage systems, on-grid or off-grid microgrid structures are emerging. The power generation infrastructure of micro-grid systems can be based on different types of energy sources classified as renewable and traditional sources, depending on the type of resource available at the planned location of the micro grid. While renewable energy systems include solar, wind, hydraulic, biomass and geothermal, the traditional sources of energy systems comprise steam/gas turbines, micro turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Micro grids including renewable energy sources and energy storage units have many benefits. These benefits include the reduction of the dependence on foreign energy, environment friendly energy production, the reduction of the cost for both the producer and the consumer, the provision of high quality and uninterrupted energy through the storage unit and the reduction of the uncertainty in renewable energy sources. Energy Storage Systems that can be used in micro grids have many advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. None of the storage systems is able to provide all the requirements of power system applications alone. Each storage system has its own distinct features. In accordance with these features, storage systems are more suitable for some applications, and in some applications they do not have the desired performance. Critical criterias should be taken into consideration when selecting the technological infrastructure to meet the needs and constraints of the system to be established. The aim of this thesis is; to show the importance of the energy storage system to be installed against the problems that will arise from power outages and energy quality problems in hospitals, which is a very important service building for people. The negative effects of the power outages in hospitals on human life will be minimized by the model. In addition, another objective is to design a decision support mechanism based on the scheduling model to meet the lowest cost of a system containing solar panels, which are one of the most widely used renewable energy sources, and energy storage units which are repurposed Lithium-ion batteries from EVs. The designed system contains various constraints specific to the hospital application. Considering these constraints, it is aimed to meet the energy demands of the critical loads in the system at all times. With the optimization of the developed scheduling model, it will be planned how much energy is taken from the source and where it is directed. In addition to the proposed design, the critical loads in the hospital are not de-energized and thus the operations of the hospital are not affected by the power outages and electrical quality problems. As well as reducing the cost of electricity for the hospital, saving energy with the storage unit and high utilization of the renewable energy source are aimed. The scheduling model created by using 2016 data was coded as linear programming model in Excel Solver VBA program. As a result of the research, electricity load amounts of intensive care units, resuscitation units and operating rooms which are the most critical units for hospitals were found and integrated into the model. The established model was run for a hospital with 150 beds, 7 operating rooms, 25 beds with intensive care units and 4 resuscitation units. In this context, annual electricity consumption was calculated depending on the bed capacity of the hospital and hourly electricity consumption was found with various coefficients. The model was analyzed with 5 different scenarios and the saving amounts of the system and the discharge numbers of the batteries were compared. In addition, due to the decrease in the energy drawn from the grid, it is also stated that how much carbon dioxide equivalent in a year contributes to the reduction of the direct gas emissions. The economic value of this saving was calculated based on (i) the carbon tax in Mexico, which has a similar per capita income level, and (ii) the valuation in the European Union Emission Trading System. In the first three scenarios, the battery charge condition was evaluated according to different market clearing prices. In these scenarios, it is assumed that the surgery operations are executed every day of the week , and the amount of energy in the battery is provided to prevent critical loads from being left without electricity for at least one hour. In the fourth scenario, a more realistic approach was attempted on the basis of the most efficient of the previous three scenarios, with surgery operations being only on weekdays and Saturdays. In the latest scenario, unlike the fourth scenario, the model was run in such a way that the energy constraint in the storage system contained enough energy to support critical loads for at least two hours. As a result of this study, it was ensured that the energy storage system integrated in the system continuously feeds the critical electric loads in the hospital, thus preventing power outages that would risk human life. In addition, electricity expenditures were reduced by the coordination of solar panels and battery systems. Despite the power outage and the remarkably increased electricity prices on 23 December 2016, the energy storage system provided the hospital enough electricity. In addition to this, it is observed that the electricity taken from the grid was kept at the lowest level in comparison to the high electricity prices, a considerable amount of saving is provided by using the electricity from the storage system. This is a striking indication of the importance of the energy storage system not only for hospitals, but also for many public institutions, services and industrial facilities for energy savings and security. In this thesis, as a result of the re-use of the repurposed lithium-ion batteries, which constitute the main structure of the proposed system, the country economy obtains an important saving item. Recycling of batteries, which have completed their first life cycle in EVs, will be a great loss for the country's economy while 80 percent capacity is still available. Considering the high cost of foreign exchange, besides the high recycling costs of the batteries, it would be beneficial for our economy to serve as a fixed battery for many years. In future studies, other suitable alternative energy sources (wind, biogas, etc.) for the location can be added to this system and the model can be changed according to the need. After the formation of the waste battery market, which has not yet established, is completed, the size of future researches can be extended to allow investment feasibility. By determining the optimum angles of the solar panels used in the system, the amount of energy obtained from the sun can be increased to higher levels. In the future, more realistic and updated savings can be calculated with the establishment of carbon taxation systems and / or carbon markets in our country.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Enerji Enstitüsü, 2019
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2019
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Energy Institute, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler
Energy storage,
Enerji koruma,
Energy storage,
Energy conservation