Kastamonu Yakup Ağa İmareti Restorasyon Projesi

Abstract

Yakup Ağa Külliyesi XVI, yüzyıl Osmanlı devri eserlerindendir. Külliye; cami, iki medrese, imaret ve sıbyan mektebinden oluşmaktadır. İnceleme konusu olan imaret caminin kuzeybatısında yer alır. Külliye içinde bağımsız plan tipi (L biçiminde) olan tek katlı bir yapıdır. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü'nün yönetiminde olan yapı, 1950'li yıllarda demirci ve bakırcı dükkanı, sonraları keçeci dükkanı olarak kiraya verilmiştir. 1977 yılında onarım gören yapı günümüzde bakımsız ve harap durumdadır. Yakup Ağa İmareti konulu tez çalışması altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Kastamonu ve tarihi gelişimi anlatılmış, ikinci bölümde külliye tanıtılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Osmanlı imaret yapıları anlatılmış, dördüncü bölümde Yakup Ağa İmareti'nin genel tanımlaması yapılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde 16. yüzyıl imaretleri ile karşılaştırılması ve restitüsyonu ve Altıncı bölümde restorasyon ve kullanım önerileri belirlenmiştir.

The subject of this study is the public kitchen of Yakup Ağa Complex in Kastamonu, which is an 16th century Ottoman establishment. The aim of the thesis is to reveal the features of the original design, and after improving the physical conditions of the building, to propose a new function for its re-use in order to develop touristic activities in Kastamonu. The thesis consists of six parts: PART 1 contains the aim and the method of the study. Kastamonu is a small city of the Western Black Sea Region. The city was named as Kastamuniya, Kastamuni in Arab sources and as C i vitas Constamnes, Castemea, Chastarmina, and Castemol at Byzantine sources. Kastamonu area was administrated in the past by Paphlagonians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljukids, Çobanoğullans and Ottomans. There are several historical remnants of those ages in and around the city. PART 2 consists of the historical development of the complex. Nowadays Yakup Ağa Complex has five components: 1 - Yakup Ağa Mosque 2- First madrasa 3- Second madrasa 4- Public kitchen 5-Primary school xv According to the inscription of the mosque it was constructed by Yakup Ağa in 1547-8. But, contrary to this information Yakup Ağa's waqfiya reveals that the mosque and the primary school were built by Halimi Çelebi and only the madrasa and public kitchen were constructed by Yakup Ağa. The complex was built on a sloping ground. The mosque and all the buildings around it are detached structures which are located on terraces. First madrasa is on the west of the mosque and the second one is on the south side of the former. The complex is encircled with a "hazire" wall. Only the primary school that is on the west of the mosque, is out of the surrounding wall. The public kitchen is located on the northwest side of the mosque. Today all the buildings except the mosque are deteriorated and neglected. The mosque, madrasas, public kitchen and the primary school are the properties of Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü. PART 3 consists the description, history, functions and the components of the Ottoman building complexes in general. The term "imaret" was used till the 16th century to denominate a building complex. The first Ottoman "imaret" was founded in 1336 by Sultan Orhan. The public kitchens were built within the complexes or as autonomous entities in every newly conquered area till the 18th century. They were kept functioning till the 20th century, but some were closed in 191 1, and reopened during the First World War. In modern Turkish "imaret" means a "public kitchen" where the staff of the complex, the poor and the guests were served free meals. The functional units of the public kitchens are as follows: 1- Bakery 2- Kitchen 3- Refectory 4- Dough leavening room 5- Storage 6- Woodshed xvi 7- Water tank 8- Stable 9- Latrines PART 4 consists of the detailed description of Yakup Ağa public kitchen. The public kitchen which is located on Kefeli Yolu was repaired in 1977. The public kitchen on the north of the mosque is an L shaped and single storey building. In the long wing there are three square planned spaces that are located side by side and in the short wing there is one rectangular space with two square planned volumes. All the spaces are covered with domes. The domes stand on octagonal drums. In front of the spaces there is an L shaped riwaq. The riwaqs are covered with domes on octagonal drums. In the 3rd and 5th rooms there are fireplaces. In the 3rd, 4th and the 5th rooms the transition elements of the domes are squinches. In the 1st and the 2nd rooms and in the riwaq the transition elements of the domes are pendentives. The structural system of the building is comprised of load bearing walls and columns. In the building three wall construction techniques were used: 1- In the original construction rubble stone ( sandstone and limestone) 2- Rough hewn stone masonry 3-As a result of the restoration works, regular cut stone (ashlar) There are serious structural and material defects. Their causes differ from earthquake, settlement, rain water, ground water, moisture, thermal expansion-contraction cycles, to wedging effect of the roof of the higher plants, fire and athmospherical pollution. PART 5 contains a comparative analysis of Yakup Ağa public kitchen with the other 16th century public kitchens. Then the original form of its construction is discussed. In early Ottoman architecture public kitchens were built in a linear spatial arrangement as a sequence of rooms. In the 16th century, the linear schemes and courtyard schemes were used together. XVTI In the public kitchens of the 16th century, there are oculi on the domes, single or two tiered fenestration or slit windows. The roof were covered by domes, barrel or cross vaults. The walls were constructed with cut stone, brick and rubble stone. As that is in the Bayezid II public kitchen in Amasya the Yakup Ağa public kitchen has an L shaped plan. But there is no bakery, refectory and water tank. Because of the losses of the orginal parts of the building the functional scheme of its components are not understood completely. Compared with other public kitchen buildings it can be assumed that the 1st and the 2nd are storage, 3rd space is kitchen, 4th space is cellar or fright shed and the 5th one is the room of the public kitchen's sheikh, director. PART 6 contains the proposals for an appropriate adaptive use for the building, and what is discussed in it is the necessary methods to be applied in the restoration process. It can be thought that the public kitchen can be re-used as a shop of the works of traditional handicrafts, because region around Kastamonu is especially active in these particular productions. The main techniques to be applied in the restoration works are as follows: 1- Consolidation Buttressing, enlargements and deepening of the foundations, grouting, injection and stitch joint for cracks, the use of metal ties for the repairs of joints and stone consolidation are proposed. 2- Cleaning A new drainage system, repointing of the walls, cleaning the facades, removing the garbage in the spaces, cleaning the plants on the roof are proposed. XVIII 3- Reintegration Reconstruction of the deteriorated walls, domes and squinches, renewal of all the missing parts of the lintels, jambs of all the windows and the doors, completion of fireplaces, chimneys, eaves and woodwork are proposed. 4- Renovation Covering of the floors with natural stone, to render of the main walls and the interior spaces, furnishings with portable furniture, enlightement with bracket lamps and a new heating system with electric or gas stoves are proposed.