Coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin şehir planlama sürecinde kullanımı : Burgazada örnek alanında koruma amaçlı imar planı bilgi sistemi tasarımı

Abstract

Doktora tezinin amacı, günümüzde sorun çözme ve karar verme konularında yardımcı olacak verilerin üretilmesi ve yönetilmesinde bilgisayar teknolojisinin gelişimi doğrultusunda "CBS - Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri"nin Şehir Planlama sürecindeki kullanım olanaklarını ortaya koymaktır. Tez çalışmasının başında Türkiye için yeni bir olgu olan CBS'nin tanımlaması ve kavramsal açıklamaları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu sistemin Türkiye'deki kullanımını ve gelişimini ortaya koyabilmek için sistemin dünyadaki gelişimi incelenmiştir. Yine aynı bölümde CBS'nin sıklıkla kullanıldığı uygulama alanları ve bu konularda yapılan örnekler araştırılmıştır. Bölümün sonunda gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki CBS uygulamaları ve sistemin kullanılabilirliği irdelenmiştir. Türkiye'de yapılmakta olan CBS uygulamalarım, kullanım alanlarım ve gelişimini değerlendirmek amacı ile bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ile CBS'nin Türkiye'deki kullanım ve gelişim potansiyeli ortaya konmuştur. Tez kapsamında, CBS'nin Şehir Planlama sürecinde kullanılmasına yönelik bir bilgi sistemi tasarımı gerçekleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Sistem tasarımı gerçekleştirilmeden önce, şehir planlarının hazırlanması sürecinde yapılması gereken çalışmalar, bu çalışmalar sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve gereksinimler saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bu bilgiler doğrultusunda bilgi sistemi oluşum aşamaları izlenerek sırasıyla işlem tasarımı, veri tasarımı ve fiziksel tasarım gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarlanan bilgi sisteminin kullanılabilirliğini ortaya koymak üzere Burgazada'da bir pilot proje uygulanmıştır. Bu uygulamada, koruma amaçlı planların yapılmasında gerekli olan analiz ve sentez çalışmalarını gerçekleştirmek üzere çeşitli sorgulamalar yapılmış ve sonuçlan alınmıştır. Uygulamadan elde edilen sonuçlar ile tasarlanan bilgi sistemi değerlendirilerek sistem tasarımı, veri tasarımı, sistem kuruluşu ve uygulama aşamalarında karşılaşılan sorunların yanısıra sistemin sağladığı olanaklar ve faydalar ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, tasarlanan sistemin değerlendirilmesinden elde edilen sonuçlar ile birlikte anket çalışmasının sonuçları paralel olarak irdelenerek CBS'nin genel değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Sistemin geliştirilmesi ve uygulama alanlarının genişletilmesi yönünde önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Decision makers and urban managers have a lot of problems about collecting the data and to use and store them which are related to the city in urban planning process. Also the political and economical pressure is made the problems bigger. "Information Technology" makes certain a lot of possibilities to solve problems as mentioned above. In urban planning process "GIS" is an important tool as a "decision support system" which will be used in "information technology". In the first chapter the aim, concept and the method of the study is explained. The aim of the thesis is to use the Geographic Information Systems as a decision support system in the planning process. In this process, planners and decission makers must collect and evaluate different kinds of data which is collected from different sources. They need a tool or system to make plans for using these collected data. So GIS is the right system to use in planning process. In the second chapter of the thesis, the descriptions and the conceptual explanations are given about GIS. Also other information systems and technologies which are related to GIS has been explained in detail. The background history and development of the GIS has been evaluated, and the explanations are given about functional elements of the system which include software, data and user components. In the same chapter, the GIS application areas are explained with the examples to evaluate the uses and development of the GIS. The applications, problems and future use of GIS in urban planning is explained in detail. In chapter 3, the use of GIS and its development in Turkey has been researched and evaluated. For the purpose of to explain the existing situation of GIS, first of all the GIS softwares in Turkish market have been explained. Having contact with the vendors, their customer lists were taken and a questionnaiare on the use of implementation areas with these softwares, have been applied. Determining that most of the GIS users have been located in Istanbul and Ankara, the quationnaire was applied by face-to-face method. According to the results, it has seen that 41% of the GIS users are in public associations, 11% are in municipalities, 30% are in universities and educational and ix research associations and 11% are in private institutions. Other results which were came out from the questionnaire is listed below:. GIS has been used in Turkey since the beginning of the 1 990's,. Pilot projects have been implemented on small size projects,. 21.74% of the implementation areas of GIS is in land use, 18.26% in planning, 14.78% is in infrastructure and 1 1.30% in geodesy and photogrametry,. ARC-INFO is the mostly used software in implementations The reason of using this is the technical and educational support of the vendor,. Most of GIS users have been used more than one software because they were studying on pilot projects and tried to make decisions about them,. 1 8% of the GIS users can use the system in full capacity,. The first GIS application in Turkey has been started at Greater Istanbul Municipality,. The common use of the data which is the fundemental aim and facility of the GIS useage cannot be provided in Turkey. All the data needed during the implementation phase has been gathered. This results to time and effort loss on data gathering, evaluation and storage,. The lack of the digital maps is another problem to use and improve the GIS applications,. The lack of qualified staff. In chapter 4, an information system has been designed to use in urban planning and it has been tested with a pilot project. During the system design period, the existing planning process has been examined and then problems has been shown. The information system design has been realised for solving the problems in the urban planning process which were mentioned below:. The inability to access accurate and updated data,. Lack off coordination between the institutions,. Confusion of authority,. The inability to get uninterrupted information flow,. Lack of existing and cadastral maps,. Planning process takes long time,. The need of active analysis and synthesis methods,. The growth rate of cities is faster than the planning process. The process flow diagram is given below: SYSTEM DESIGN ANALYSIS Current Situation Problems Expectations i DATA DESIGN Database Design Layer Design Data Dictionary Attribute Prediction £ SYSTEM MANIPULATION Hardware Selection Software Selection Databse Creation Application Programming PHYSICAL DESIGN Hardware Requirements Software Requirements IMPLEMENTATION DATA GATHERING : GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY j Digitizing ! Conversion T Yes NON-GRAPHICAL DATA ENTRY RELATIONING I /'Any need for Special v \ Inquiries ^ Yes- Any need for Design Modification? XI Furthermore it is expected that the system design can provide the needs of conservation plans. The system is designed in a way that it can process the necessary operations. In database design, the data which will be used were determined, classified and evaluated with their attributes. The specifications of the hardware and software which will be used in implementation is predicted in physical design. In this part of the thesis, the information system which is designed by the researcher is tested by a pilot project. Burgazada is chosen as the pilot project area for this implementation. With this study, the system is tested to get applicable planning decisions to conserve the historical, natural and cultural heritage of Burgazada. At the beginning of the pilot project, all graphic and non-graphic data which are related to Burgazada has been collected. During the evaluation of GIS software in the Turkish market to be used in the next phase of the project, Software AG has given "Natural Geographic" free of charge with a technical support. Though the implementation has been done with this software. The GIS software has been integrated with Watcom SQL to store the graphical data and geographical attributes. The graphical representation of Burgazada in Natural Geographic and the data in Watcom SQL has been related. Interface programs has been developed in order to do the necessary inquiries to get the planning decisions on Burgazada. Three types of inquiries were applied in the implementation. 1. Inquiry from database to graphic data, 2. Inquiry from graphic data to database, 3. Inquiries in database. The system is based on graphic data and their attributes. Multiple criterial inquiries can be done on the attribute and graphic data, and the results can be displayed either as a list of attribute data or as a map of praphic data. At the end of the implementation, the designed system has been evaluated. With this implementation, the facilities of GIS on data collection and storage which is a time consuming and difficult process evaluation and decision making process has been brought out. During the decision making process the results of the inquiries are very important. Moreover during the planning studies which use data from different diciplines, the data should be upto date and good in quality. This system has given this opportunity to the users. The system has also provided some advantages to the classic planning methods as mentioned below:. To increase the quality of work and products,. To decrease the total finance of the work,. To increase the productivity of the work, xii . To increase the speed of the work,. To increase the safety of the data. In the last chapter of the thesis results of the research and implementation are given, then the common stages are provided to use the GIS in urban planning process and other implementation areas:. To consider the policy for evaluation of the system,. Standardization of data format,. To provide the institution for database management,. To train the people to operate and use the system,. To consider the existing situation, problems and expectations,. To make the technical infrastructure and to choose the sufficient sofware and hardware,. To provide the coordination and data flow between institutions to produce the digital maps by using remote sensing and digital photogrametry methods. As a result; speed, time and effort gain, economical gain, transparency, a realised view and an increase on productivity and quality can be provided in urban planning process by using GIS.