Tarihi şehir dokusunda yeni yapı uygulamaları :Karaköy: Beşiktaş arasında silüeti etkileyen bir grup yeni yapının değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Toplumda yaşanan hızlı değişmelere paralel olarak uygulanma imkanı bulan tarihi şehir dokulanndaki yeni yapılar, kültürel sürekliliği devam ettirme açısından gerekli ve kaçınılmazdır. Tarihi dokulardaki yeni yapılann bulunduklan çevreye entegrasyonu ve uygulama şekilleri; bu konuda, çoğu tarihi dokuya olumsuz etkisi olan yeni yapılann bulunduğu ve halen inşa edilmekte olduğu Türkiye'de de dış ülkelere paralel olarak giderek daha fazla tartışılmaya başlamıştır. Genel olarak tarihi şehir dokusundaki yeni yapı olgusunun dış ülkelerdeki ve Türkiye'deki gelişiminin örneklerle incelendiği ve tarihi şehir dokulanndaki yeni yapılara eleştirisel bir bakış açısının oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde, tezin amacı, kapsamı ve çalışmada izlenen yöntem belirtilmiştir.İkinci bölümde öncelikle, tarihi şehir dokusundaki yeni yapı uygulamalannın tarihi ve kültürel süreklilik kavramlan içinde gerekliliği üzerinde durularak, dış ülkelerdeki tarihsel süreç içindeki gelişimi ve uygulama şekilleri örneklerle incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, tarihi şehir dokusunda yeni yapı tasanmında görsel bütünlüğün ve bağlamsal uygunluğun sağlaması ve dış ülkelerdeki çağdaş uygulama örnekleri incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, günümüze kadar tarihi şehir dokulanndaki yeni yapılar ile ilgili yapılan organize çalışmalarda örnekler verilerek, tarihi şehir dokusunun korunması ile ilgili uluslararası tüzük, antlaşma ve sözleşmelerde tarihi dokudaki yeni yapı olgusunun ele alınış biçimleri gözden geçirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, tarihi şehir dokusunda yeni yapı olgusunun Türkiye'deki günümüze kadarki gelişimi ve uygulama örnekleri incelenmiştir. Uygulama bölümü olan altıncı bölümde ise, Karaköy-Beşiktaş arasındaki tarihi silüete etki eden bir grup yeni yapı inceleme kapsamına alınarak, bir grup mimar ve şehir plancısı ile yapılan görüşmeler ile elde edilen sonuçlardan, konuya eleştirisel bir bakış açısı oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Tezin son bölümünde ise çalışmanın tümünün değerlendirmesi yapılarak, konu ile ilgili önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Today, as a result of rapid changes that occur in every field, contemporary understanding of conservation is being changed and the fact of new building in historical urban texture is also considered as a dimension of contemporary conservation concept It is now, an accepted fact that there will be new buildings in historical urban textures, henceforth, change is inevitable. The reigning of contemporary understanding of history and the acceptance of the unavailability of change have brought new dimension in contemporary concept of conservation. Rapid changes related public life can also be seen in urban spaces. How to offer this evolution in a systematic way and how to create a relation between the new and historical urban areas is the one of the most difficult problems, that the city planners, architects and protecters met today. The existence of available plots even in the most dense conservation areas, brings about the fact of new building in these areas. Most of the time, it becomes necessary to make new infillments which will provide the completeness of the historical textures and moreover streghten it. In the case of avoiding these buildings, the historical and cultural continuity in the physical environment will be interrupted. History can be perceived only in the space that it is lived and be continued therein. The conceptions of old end new building can't be disconnect each other with direct way. These are very relative conceptions. From public to public and according to the changes in time, could also the criterias for a new and an old building be changed. In a choice between an ancient and a modem civilization, an Egypt Temple became old and a Baroque church have to be new. In this point of view a new building of today will be in the future historical and have to be protected. But as a result of the new buildings which ignore the existing texture in historical settings; Historical environment, consequently the identity of cities are changed in a negative way, chaos is formed, Environments which are chaotic and hard to perceive by the society are formed and the adaptation of the society to these environments are getting more difficult, The contribution of the historical environment to these surroundings, past values, meanings and symbols are gradually diminished and as related to these, the continuity and definity of historical environments are getting weaker. Despite all these negative effects, new building which are well designed and in harmony with their surroundings can not only be regardable, but also cause a raise of attention to the environment they exist in, as well. The points which are most discussed about the new buildings built in historical textures are, the situation, design of such a building and its harmony with its surroundings. There is an accepted view that, new buildings should not affect the historical ones but should be in harmony with them in respect of volume, mass, color, material and texture. The integration of the new buildings in historical urban textures and their way of actualization are being discussed by the concerned authorities in Turkey as in other countries. Today, in Turkey, a real chaos exists about new building in historical urban textures. As regards the exercise of conservation, Turkey is behind the other countries and because of the delay of registration decisions, there are a lot of buildings which have conflicting architectural styles. This creates a chaotic architectural scene in urban scale. As a result of inevitable architectural exercises in historical urban textures, historical and cultural continuity is being damaged. Now in Turkey, special building conditions are being defined by conservation council in site conservation plans. Some limitations are put regarding the material to be used in facade coverings, roofs, dimensions of windows, bay windows, cornices etc. Nevertheless, upon evaluating the built examples, it is not so easy to claim that they are successful. Especially in Istanbul, speculatively aimed hotels and business centers which damage and sometimes dominate the historical urban texture are built and go on being built in harmony with the the Measures of Tourism Encouraging. The aim of this thesis, taking its start from the contemporary understanding of conservation, is to disclose the inevitability and necessity of building in historical urban textures by examining its development in Turkey and other countries to clarify the common issues and to provide a critical point of view thereof. In Istanbul, a group of new buildings which affect the historical silhouette is chosen as examples of the case study. The thesis consists of seven chapters. In the first chapter, which has an introductory character, the subject matter is introduced and the aim and method of the thesis is clarified. In the first part of the second chapter, in relation to the concepts of historical and cultural continuity, the fact of new building in historical urban texture and its necessity is discussed and by thinking of the concepts which form its foundations, the subject matter is clarified. The inevitability and necessity of new building in historical urban textures is pointed out. In the second part, the development process of new building in historical urban textures in countries other than Turkey is examined, chronologically by examples. In the first part of the third chapter, by taking into account the concepts of visional unity and contextual suitability of the designs of new buildings in historical urban textures, analysis to be made and its necessity to achieve this end is considered. In the second part of the chapter, on the other hand, the examples from other countries which have the visual unity and contextual suitability to the historical urban textures are examined under the headings of imitation, interpretation, neutral effect and contrast and positive and negative effects of these attitudes are displayed. In the fourth chapter, firstly by examining the foreign organized studies like conferences, symposiums, expositions etc. about new building in historical urban textures, the way they handle this problem is worked out. Secondly, instead of taking into account the legal attitudes of different countries, international regulations, contracts governing this subject are investigated. What is extracted from these contracts is the way in which new building in historical urban textures are handled in respect of conserving these historical urban textures, and the importance thereof. In the fifth chapter, the same study of development of new building in historical urban texture which is examined for other countries is now done for Turkey in its historical process with relation to the change occurred in architectural era. In this way, common points are tried to be discussed and legal policies are evaluated. In the second part of the chapter, generally the unsuccessful structures taken as examples are considered as foundations of the case study of the thesis. In the sixth chapter, which is the case study of the thesis, a survey and interviews are made among seventeen architects and urban planners working in the same office. The survey is about the new buildings which affect the silhouette of a limited space of Istanbul ( Karakoy-Be§ikta§ ) and the results are evaluated in credit system. The participants are asked to evaluate these buildings in regard of their effect to their vicinity and to the general silhouette. The buildings which are subjected to this study are; Hotel Pullman, Odakule Business Center, The Marmara Hotel, Hotel Sheraton, Harbiye Officers Club, Conrad Hotel, Hotel Hilton, Swiss Hotel, intes Business Center and Hotel Qiragan. By limiting the number of both the buildings to be evaluated and the participants working in same office, not to create a chaos of views is intended. As results of the evaluation made in the case study, it is found that, the participants have different views about new buildings in historical urban texture. The impossibility of reaching a general decision became obvious as a consequence of these encounters and it is decided that, definite principles of design about the new buildings to be built in historical urban textures can not be put forward. In the seventh and last chapter, the whole study is evaluated and related suggestions are made. As a consequence, the fact of new building in historical urban texture is inevitable. There exists a need for the to provide the historical continuity. It is also a fact that, establishing definite parameters of design for a building in harmony with the historical environment is not possible. If we take into account the rapid changes that we live in our time, the biggest task of those who have the responsibility of decision making, designing and realization whiie creating the physical environment of today and tomorrow is to remember past and future regarding the values that are impossible to give up and to express these in contemporary architecture in an updated manner. In this way, it becomes possible to think about an historical continuity which heads for the future, situated in the dynamics of the historical process and fed thereby.