Kent çevrelerinde rekreasyon potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi ve Küçükçekmece örneği

Abstract

Rekreasyon terimi, içine çok çeşitli aktiviteleri alan, değişik meslek gruplarına, toplumlara ve disiplinlere göre farklı şekillerde tanımlanabilen geniş kapsamlı bir kavramdır. Bu kavramın asıl karakteri, yapılan eylemin kişiye katılma isteği, dinlenme, sevk ve eğlence gibi duyguları vermesi, daha sonra da doyuma ulaştırmasıdır. insanların fisik ve ruh sağlığı açısından doğal ihtiyacı olan rekreasyon alanları, büyük şehirlerin gelişme baskısıyla her geçen gün azalmaktadır. Kentlerin çevresin de rekreasyon potansiyeline sahip geniş alanlar kentli için önemli bir kaynak olmasına rağmen hışla yokedilmektedir. Tesin ikinci bölümünde, rekreasyonun çeşitli tanım ve sınıflandırmaları yapılmış, rekreasyonun bir ihtiyaç haline gelmesinin nedenleri ve rekreasyonel faaliyetlerin olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca, rekreasyon alanlarının planlama aşamaları ve ilkelerinden bahsedil miştir, üçüncü bölümde, kentsel çevre sorunlarından hareket ederek rekreasyon potansiyeline sahip alanlarda meydana gelen olumsus gelişmelerden sös edilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, bir samanlar istanbul 'da taşranın baş langıcı olarak kabul edilen kıyı yerleşimi Küçükçekmece sös konusu probleme örnek alan olarak seçilmiş ve yörenin rekreasyon potansiyel varlığını savunmak için, tarihçesi, kültürel ve doğal değerleri üserine bir inceleme yapıl mıştır. Bu değerleri ve ekolojik dengeyi tehdit eden çevre sorunları analis edilmiş, yöreye planlarla getirilen kararlar ile Küçükçekmece 'nin gelişme potansiyeli ince lenmiştir. Son bölümde, kentlerin çevresinde rekreasyon alanı olarak kullanılabilecek potansiyel alanların kentleşme baskısıyla karşı karşıya kaldığı ve başka fonksiyonlar yüklendiği belirtilmiştir. Küçükçekmece 'nin rekreasyon potansiyelinin değerlendirilebilmesi ve bu potansiyelin koı-unabilmesi için çeşitli açılardan (şehircilik, mimari, sosyal, ekonomik, eğitim, fisiksel, jeolojik, hukuki, fonksiyonel vb.) öneriler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, kent çevresinde rekreasyon potansiyeli taşıyan diğer alanlar için de örnek alınabilir.

Recreation is a term which contains various activities and has different interpretation by profession groups, societies and disciplines. Recreation term comes from Latin language and the dictionary meaning of it is "to evaluate the spare time except for sleeping, working" or "physical or spretual refreshment". The main character of this term is that the action done gives the emotions like participating wish, resting, pleasure, entertainment and satisfaction. In the second section of the thesis, different definitions and classifications are done to realise the mean of the thesis subject and the problems about recre ation, better. The reasons of why recreation is needed and positive-negative affects of the recreational activities are described, too. The reasons of why recreation is needed are generally studied in five stage; a) Expanding in cities, b) Changes in home conditions, c) More free time, d) Expansion on industrial area and automation, e) Expansion on technology and economy. There is a variety in classification like the defi nition of recreation term. We could classify it differ ently as it is given below. a) According to time, i) Daily recreation, ii) Holiday recreation, - Weekend recreation (short), - Annual holiday recreation (long), b) According to place, i) Open recreation, ii) Closed recreation, c) According to activities, i) Passive recreation, ii) Active recreation, - viii - d) According to function, i) Sural recreation, ii) Urban recreation, e) According to human activities, i) Lonely, ii) With group. Recreation is divided into six groups by U.S.A. National Parks General Office, a) Recreation areas with high density, b) General recreation areas, c) Natural recreation areas, d) Characteristic natural values or areas, e) Nature preservation areas, f) Archeological, historical, cultural areas. The aim of this classification is to describe recre ation as areas. Moreover, recreation could be divided into two groups according to structural characteristics like "outdoor" and "indoor" recreation. Recreation activities have a lot of positive affects. These are generally, a) Ecological affects, b) Economic affects, c) Sociological affects, d) Health affects, e) Phsycological affects, f) Aesthetic affects. Negative affects of recreation are neglectible and they are caused by the people using these areas wrongly. In the second section, recreation planning steps and principles are studied to evaluate the recreation areas which are important natural sources. Recreation planning is examined in five stages ; a) Inventory stage, b) Analyse stage, c) Planning stage, d) Carrying out the programs and organisation projects stage, e) Legal organisation and management stage. In the third section, the negative growth in the areas which have recreational potentiality is examined by making use of urban environmental problems. It is described that the recreation areas which are necessary for human physical and phsycological health, are disappeared day by day with development pressure. The environmental problems threating - ix the areas which have recreational potentiality are studied in siK parts; a) The extreme increase in population, b) The rapid expansion of cities, c) Residence problem dating by shanties, d) Problems caused by industrialisation, e) Social and cultural pi'oblems, f) Recreational planning problems and legal problems. In the fourth section, a place which is an example of this problem is determined and some investigations are done. Kücükcekmece which was a little shore town is selected as the study area. It was a pretty town which has been reached by E5 road with a narrow connection and by trains, and people of the city were coming to buy the cheaper meat, to profit the natural sources. In the recent years, some historical and natural settings of Kücükcekmece which has a huge growth potential and which expands enormously have been threated. A research is done about history, culture and natural settings of Kücükcekmece to defend the existence of recreational potentiality of the district. Finally, a lot of values which should not be neglected appeared. Yarim- burgas caves which are one of the oldest settlements of Istanbul, at the north of Kücükcekmece, are important. investigation places. The cultural values of the district are studied in eight parts. a) Yarimburgas caves, b) Tuna water, c) Rhegion ruins, d) Historical ruins at Altmsehir, e) Kücükcekmece bridge, f) Abdüsselam imareti, g) Asadlı gunpowder producing center, h) Fatih mosque. The district which caries the track of Antiquity, Roman, Bysantium, Ottoman civilisation is an important. source and study area. The natural values and analyse of Kücükcekmece are examined in seven parts..These are as follows; a) Morphology, b) Climate, c) Kücükcekmece lake and rivers, d) Underground sources, e) Soil classification, f) Geophysical and geological structure, g) Land classification. With these analysis, it comes into view that Kücük cekmece has a lot of values which satisfy the recreation need of Istanbul and it also has some sources which are - x - necessary for the ecologic balance of the city. Dense settlement at Küçükcekmece or giving functions except for recreation to the district are wrong decisions because of the geologic structure of it. The district which has high landslide and earthquake risks is in the second earthquake sone. In the fourth section, the environmental problems which threat ecological balance and landscape are studied too. We could examine these shortly as it is given below; a) Interventions to Küçükcekmece lake; the cut of the connection between the lake and the sea, the break of the water river-basin, the insufficient protection bend of the lake and distorted settlements are the most important problems of the lake. b) The pollution of Küçükcekmece lake and the other water sources and the problem of drinking water; not only the industrial areas and the residences, but also the rubbish heap and Nuclear Eeseai*ch Center are polluting subterranean water and the other water sources. In spite of these, Küçükcekmece is a wonderful source to supply drinkable water. c) Air pollution and Halkalı rubbish heap problems; Halkalı rubbish heap is playing an important role in breaking the ecological balance with the leakage water polluting the ground, air and water sources. d) Problems caused by industry; ecologic medium is effected because necessary measures are not taken in industrial areas, infrastructure is not constructed and the decisions which is suitable for urban ism principles are not taken. e) The problems about Nuclear Research Center, f) The problems of sewerage and purify foundation, g) Noise problem, h) Visual pollution resulted from distorted settlements; Küçükcekmece district is subjected to distorted, several storied and poor qualified settlements. Natural settings of the district have been damaged with these buildings. Finally in the fourth section, the decision come with the plans to the district and the growth potential of Küçükcekmece are examined. Because of the problems which are described above, Küçükcekmece has been loosing its recreational potential ity. In the near future, the district is about to be an ordinary part of Istanbul metropolitan area. The district is also faced to loose its character in Istanbul settle ment. However, today, the potential areas in Küçükcekmece are as follows; a) Olympic town, b) The district of touristic areas, c) The fair district, d) The university area, e) Social settlement area, - xi - f) Industrial areas, g) Nuclear Research Center. Rücükçekmece which has nearly all functions of a little country has very special supplies. These supplies determine the identity and the quality of Küçükçekmeee. The prevention possibility of disappearance of its identity has not been missed. In the last section, it is described that the areas which is near to the city, having recreational potential ity, natural and historical values are destroyed rapidly. It is realised that when these problems (resulted from distorted urbanisation) continue, the areas which has recreational potentiality are cleaned unless necessary preventions are taken. It is also emphasised that the people who want to avoid from the negative affects of the cities or decrease it are effected physically and phsyco- logically. Meanwhile, ecological medium is also damaged. Finally, the necessary preventions for Kücükçekmece are given.