Görme engelli bireylerin peyzajı algılama biçimlerinin anlaşılması
Görme engelli bireylerin peyzajı algılama biçimlerinin anlaşılması
Dosyalar
Tarih
2021-04-20
Yazarlar
Özgür, Duygu
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Özet
Görme engelli bireylerin, toplumsal ve kentsel yaşama katılımlarında kentsel fiziksel çevrenin önemi bir kat daha artmaktadır. Bu bireylerin, kentin kamusal mekanlarını bağımsız olarak rahat kullanabilmelerinde karşılaştıkları birtakım fiziksel engeller vardır. Bu engelleri çözümlemede; gören rehber, baston ve rehber köpek dışında kılavuz izler, doku farklılığı, sesli yönlendirmeler ve uyarı sistemleri gibi yardımcı cihazlardan yararlanmaktadırlar. Bunlarla birlikte bağımsız hareketlerini sağlamada görme dışında diğer duyu organlarını da özel ve benzersiz düzeyde kullanmaktadırlar. Toplumun her bireyi gibi bu bireylerin de kentsel dış mekanlarda konumunu tanımlayabilmesi ve gideceği tarafa yönelimini yapabilmesi konforunu yaşaması, bulunduğu mekânı algılaması dolayısıyla bağımsız hareket edebilme hakkı vardır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında görme engelli bireylerin kentsel mekâna erişimde ve mekânı kullanımda biçimsel kriterlerle, mekânı kavramada sahip olduğu algısal yeteneklerini, kamusal mekânları tasarlama ve planlama kurgusu içinde tartışmak ve tasarım kriterleri açısından olumlu etkilerini ortaya koymak önemlidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; görme engelli bireylerin kent parklarını kullanma, peyzaj mekânını kavrama ve peyzajı algılayışlarında, belirledikleri duyusal referansların saptanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda, bu bireylerin bağımsız hareketlerine bağlı olarak peyzaj mekanını deneyimlerken çevreden aldıkları dokunsal, işitsel, kokusal ve tatsal referansların hareketlerini, konumlarını, kullanımlarını ve davranışlarını nasıl yönlendirdikleri üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Araştırma metodu, 4 aşamadan oluşan bir analitik yaklaşımla kurgulanmıştır. İlk aşama olarak görme engelli bireylerin bir peyzaj mekanı kullanımlarında duygu, algı, tutum ve davranışlarının ardındaki nedenleri öğrenebilmek için yarı yapılandırılmış birebir görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu teknik kapsamında, kentsel çevrede bağımsız hareket yeteneği olan 22 görme engelli bireyle görüşülmüştür. Görüşülen bireylerin sosyo-demografik bilgileri ile kent parkı mekanını deneyimleme sürecinde mekanı kavramada peyzajı nasıl algıladığı, mekanda sırasıyla ve çoğunlukla hangi duyular yardımıyla kendilerine ne tür referans noktaları belirledikleri ile ilgili veriler toplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, görme engelli bireylerin dokunma, işitme, koku ve tat olgusu bağlamında mekanda belirledikleri duyusal referansları algı ve bilişim bağlamında tespit etmek için deneysel alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Görüşme yapılan bireylerden gönüllü katılan 8 bireyle, bir kent parkı deneyimlenmiştir. Park alanında bireylerin bağımsız hareketleri ve bir engelle karşılaştıklarında nasıl davrandıkları gözlemlenerek; algılayışlarında hangi duyularla hangi referanslara ulaştıklarını ortaya çıkarmak için görüntülü kayıt alınmıştır. Alan çalışması sonucunda, bu bireylerin belirledikleri duyusal referanslarla kentsel mekanın fiziksel özelliklerini tanımlayabildikleri ve bu referansları hareketlerini yönlendirmek için yaratıcı şekilde kullandıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Alan çalışması ardından, üçüncü aşama olarak görme engelli bireylerin mekan kurgusunda erişilebilirliklerini ve mekanı kullanılabilirliklerinin irdelemesi için mekansal dizim yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Mekansal dizim yönteminde alan bütünü için 'connectivity' ve 'integration' analizleri ve alanın bir bölümü için 'visibility' analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, görme duyusu dışında diğer duyularla duyusal mekan algısı ve mekânsal davranışın, kamusal peyzaj mekanı kurgusu üzerindeki etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Son aşamada elde edilen çıkarımlar, tüm duyularla algılayışın peyzaj tasarımına yön vermesi açısından peyzaj tasarım ilkeleri şeklinde paylaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında ilk olarak görme engellilerin bir peyzaj mekanı kullanımı irdelendiğinde kendilerine duyusal referanslar belirledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu referansların algılanmasında bireylerin, işitme ve koku alma duyularını ön planda tuttuğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca mekanı algılama biçimlerinde tesbit edilen duyusal referansların mekanı kullanımlarında temsiliyetleri olduğu önemli bir diğer bulgudur. Her bir duyusal referansa karşılık gelen bu mekansal referanslar, bireylerin mekanı tanımlamada, mekanın kurgusunu kavramada ve de mekanı bağımsız kullanımlarında olumlu etkiye sahiptir. Duyusal referanslarla temsil ettikleri mekansal referansların bütününe bakıldığında duyular, duyusal referanslar ve mekansal referanslar birbiri ile bir ilişki ağı kurmaktadır. Bir diğer önemli bulgu ise görme engelli bireylerin algılama biçimlerinin birbirlerinden farklı olmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda bireylerin mekanın kurgusu ve sirkülasyon ağını algılayışlarının farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları kapsamında, duyusal referansların mekansal kullanımda temsiliyetleri değerlendirildiğinde peyzaj tasarımına etkili olacak öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Görme engelli bireylerin bağımsız şekilde yaşamlarını sürdürmeleri için; kentin fiziksel çerve şartlarının, onların kentsel mekanları kullanım biçimlerine göre dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Kentsel çevre tasarımında görsellik olmadan da erişilebilir, algılanabilir, tanınabilir ve hissedilebilir peyzaj mekanları tasarım ve uygulamalarında çok disiplinli ve sürdürülebilir gelişmeler içeren kapsamlı çalışmalar olması gerekliliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. Görme engelli bireyin kenti duyumsama tarzından yararlanarak elde edebileceğimiz çıktılar, kentsel çevre içerisinde peyzaj mekanlarının tasarım anlayışına yeni açılımlar ve yeni bakış açıları getirecektir. Onların mekân algısı referansları ile onlara uygun nitelikte düzenlenen kentsel mekanları tüm kullanıcılar için ön görmek kent erişilebilirliğinin sağlanmasına da katkı sağlayacaktır.
The urban physical environment is of great importance for visually impaired individuals to participate in social and urban life. There are some physical obstacles that these individuals encounter in using the public spaces of the city independently and comfortably. Apart from the sighted guide, cane, and guide dog, they use assistive devices such as guide tracks, texture difference, voice prompts, and warning systems to overcome these obstacles. Besides, they use other sensory organs other than eyesight at a characteristic level to ensure their independent movements. Like every person of society, these individuals have the right to experience the comfort of knowing where they are and going in urban outdoor spaces, to perceive their place, and therefore to act independently. In this regard, it is essential to discuss the perceptual abilities of visually impaired individuals in understanding the space together with the formal criteria in accessing and using the urban area in the design and planning of public spaces and revealing the positive effects of this in terms of design principles. This study aims to determine the sensory references that visually impaired individuals use in their usage of city parks, understanding the landscape space, and their perception of the landscape. In this context, this study focuses on how the tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory cues that these individuals receive from the environment while experiencing the landscape space, depending on their independent movements, direct their actions, positions, and behaviours. Within the scope of universal design, this study is distinctive in that it guides the landscape designs involving perception with all senses. Furthermore, the study is beneficial in terms of bringing a sustainable solution to the existing deficiency. An analytical approach consisting of 4 stages has been developed within the scope of the study. As a first step, a semi-structured one-to-one interview technique was used to learn the knowledge and thoughts of visually impaired individuals about the concept of landscape, their state of going to city parks in Istanbul, and the reasons behind their feelings, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours in using the space. With the application of this technique, 22 visually impaired individuals were interviewed, referenced by institutions, associations, foundations, and individuals related to them. As a result of in-depth interviews with these individuals who are active in the urban environment, data were collected on the socio-demographic information of the individuals, the process of experiencing the city park area, and what kind of reference points they set for themselves with the help of which senses, respectively and mainly, in the space. As the second stage, an experimental field study was carried out to determine the sensory references that visually impaired individuals receive from their environment in the context of perception and informatics with the help of touch, hearing, smell, and taste sensations. A city park was experienced with 8 volunteers selected amongst the interviewees. By observing both the independent movements of the individuals in the urban park area and how they behave when they encounter an obstacle, a video recording was taken to reveal which senses and which references they reach in their perceptions. As a result of the field study, it was revealed that these individuals were able to define the physical characteristics of the urban space with the help of sensory references they determined. In addition, they used these references creatively to direct their movements. As the third step after the field study, the spatial syntax method was used to examine the accessibility of visually impaired individuals in the spatial structure and their level of using the space. With this method, in line with the movement of the visually impaired user, "connectivity" and "integration" analysis for the whole field, also "visibility" analysis for a part of the field were performed. As a result of the analysis, the effects of sensory space perception and spatial behaviour with other senses apart from sight on the public landscape space structure were revealed. In the last stage of the analytical approach, the obtained results were shared as landscape design principles in order to include all the senses in landscape designs. After designing the research method and collecting the data, the findings of this study were presented. The conclusions obtained via the applied methods in the research are classified under three headings. The first of these is one-to-one interviews with 22 visually impaired individuals. As a result of these interviews, the way visually impaired users use the spaces with their senses in the urban exterior was understood. In addition, the sensory landscape perception of these individuals in the use of urban parks was examined. It has been noticed that these individuals have various perspectives about their experiences in the city park. The positive and negative situations they experienced, their sensory perception styles, tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustative references they perceive were obtained. As city park users, their suggestions were collected on how to design an accessible urban park. The factors behind frequent visits to a city park where they live were determined. It has been seen that there is a sensory perception difference for each visually impaired individual. Accordingly, each one of them uses a different sense primarily. It has been determined that sensory perception styles are formed according to different sensory integrities. It is understood that independent visits to a place, the number of visits, and the time spent in this place affect these sensory perception styles. It has been revealed that there are signs they determined as sensory references in their sensory perception styles, and these help them to recognize, understand and use the area. It was concluded that they determined more than one reference for each sense, that these references had a representation in the space, and that all these phenomena formed a network within themselves. The second part of the study findings is the outputs of the experimental field study. As a result of the evaluation of the pilot study with two people, the experimental field method was developed. Emirgan Grove city park was visited with 8 individuals who participate voluntarily. Each individual has formed his/her own path in the park via his/her own sensory perception style. The followed routes were various in terms of the independent movement abilities of the visually impaired users, their way of using their senses, and their recognition of urban park spaces. The dominant senses, which are the factors in these unique routes of individuals, and sensory references were determined in each sense phenomenon. It was observed that the senses were classified within the place, and both the intensity and repetition of the sensory references were changed compared to other references. It has been learned that visually impaired users map the places they experience in their minds. Thus, they can use the area more quickly, effectively, and comfortably. In creating these maps, the importance of the sensory references they determined during the field experience was noted. Moreover, in order to clarify this cognitive map, it was emphasized that the area should be experienced independently, the experience should be repeated several times, and effective time should be spent in the space. The findings of the last section were developed as a result of not only the space syntax analyzes of Emirgan Grove's landscape design and accessibility but also the evaluation of the visually impaired independent movement phenomena. In an urban environment, it has been determined that visually impaired individuals can differ in their independent movement abilities, use of canes, and use of senses. From this point of view, it was realized that the cognitive maps of visually impaired users of a space show both similarities and differences. It has been seen that individuals have experienced a space as much as they perceive it and grasped it on the route they have created in their minds. Besides, it has been revealed that the most important reference in this route followed by the individual is the tactile references that provide the trace of the path. This situation causes the individual to walk on a specific route. It has also been observed that even if the position has changed for some reason, the person continues on his way by determining a certain path. Briefly, while the current use of Emirgan Grove is similar for all users, it has been determined that usage can be at various levels depending on the independent movements of visually impaired users. As a result of this research, suggestions that will be effective in landscape design have been developed by evaluating the representation of sensory references in spatial use. It is thought that these suggestions will guide the perception with all senses of landscape spaces within the scope of universal design. The recommendations also revealed valuable information as follows. The more often and longer visually impaired people experience a space, the more they perceive the sensory references related to that space. There may be differences between individuals regarding their senses and the references they perceive in the space. Therefore, the perceived references must be included in a specific spatial structure. Visually impaired people also grasp the setting of the space as they use the area. In this context, access to the area is another significant factor. This study offers detailed concepts for incorporating functional sensory references into the design process of a city park. The aim of including these references in the design principles is to support these users' comfortable perception of space, independent and safe mobility, correct orientation, and easy accessibility to indoor activities and services in urban public green spaces. For visually impaired individuals to live independently, the physical environmental conditions of the city should be taken into consideration according to the way these individuals use urban spaces. As a result, in urban environmental design, the necessity of multi-disciplinary and comprehensive studies with sustainable developments comes to the forefront in the design and implementation of accessible, perceptible, and recognisable landscape spaces in addition to the visuality. The obtained outputs via a visually impaired individual's sense of the city will bring further developments and perspectives to the design concept of landscape spaces within the urban environment. Urban spaces, which are designed using the spatial perception references of visually impaired individuals, will also contribute to urban accessibility for all users. It is predicted that conducting studies with visually impaired individuals in different landscape areas of the city will enrich the determined sensory references as a result of this research. In addition, it is thought that increasing the duration and repetition of the space experiences of individuals will contribute to the result.
The urban physical environment is of great importance for visually impaired individuals to participate in social and urban life. There are some physical obstacles that these individuals encounter in using the public spaces of the city independently and comfortably. Apart from the sighted guide, cane, and guide dog, they use assistive devices such as guide tracks, texture difference, voice prompts, and warning systems to overcome these obstacles. Besides, they use other sensory organs other than eyesight at a characteristic level to ensure their independent movements. Like every person of society, these individuals have the right to experience the comfort of knowing where they are and going in urban outdoor spaces, to perceive their place, and therefore to act independently. In this regard, it is essential to discuss the perceptual abilities of visually impaired individuals in understanding the space together with the formal criteria in accessing and using the urban area in the design and planning of public spaces and revealing the positive effects of this in terms of design principles. This study aims to determine the sensory references that visually impaired individuals use in their usage of city parks, understanding the landscape space, and their perception of the landscape. In this context, this study focuses on how the tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory cues that these individuals receive from the environment while experiencing the landscape space, depending on their independent movements, direct their actions, positions, and behaviours. Within the scope of universal design, this study is distinctive in that it guides the landscape designs involving perception with all senses. Furthermore, the study is beneficial in terms of bringing a sustainable solution to the existing deficiency. An analytical approach consisting of 4 stages has been developed within the scope of the study. As a first step, a semi-structured one-to-one interview technique was used to learn the knowledge and thoughts of visually impaired individuals about the concept of landscape, their state of going to city parks in Istanbul, and the reasons behind their feelings, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours in using the space. With the application of this technique, 22 visually impaired individuals were interviewed, referenced by institutions, associations, foundations, and individuals related to them. As a result of in-depth interviews with these individuals who are active in the urban environment, data were collected on the socio-demographic information of the individuals, the process of experiencing the city park area, and what kind of reference points they set for themselves with the help of which senses, respectively and mainly, in the space. As the second stage, an experimental field study was carried out to determine the sensory references that visually impaired individuals receive from their environment in the context of perception and informatics with the help of touch, hearing, smell, and taste sensations. A city park was experienced with 8 volunteers selected amongst the interviewees. By observing both the independent movements of the individuals in the urban park area and how they behave when they encounter an obstacle, a video recording was taken to reveal which senses and which references they reach in their perceptions. As a result of the field study, it was revealed that these individuals were able to define the physical characteristics of the urban space with the help of sensory references they determined. In addition, they used these references creatively to direct their movements. As the third step after the field study, the spatial syntax method was used to examine the accessibility of visually impaired individuals in the spatial structure and their level of using the space. With this method, in line with the movement of the visually impaired user, "connectivity" and "integration" analysis for the whole field, also "visibility" analysis for a part of the field were performed. As a result of the analysis, the effects of sensory space perception and spatial behaviour with other senses apart from sight on the public landscape space structure were revealed. In the last stage of the analytical approach, the obtained results were shared as landscape design principles in order to include all the senses in landscape designs. After designing the research method and collecting the data, the findings of this study were presented. The conclusions obtained via the applied methods in the research are classified under three headings. The first of these is one-to-one interviews with 22 visually impaired individuals. As a result of these interviews, the way visually impaired users use the spaces with their senses in the urban exterior was understood. In addition, the sensory landscape perception of these individuals in the use of urban parks was examined. It has been noticed that these individuals have various perspectives about their experiences in the city park. The positive and negative situations they experienced, their sensory perception styles, tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustative references they perceive were obtained. As city park users, their suggestions were collected on how to design an accessible urban park. The factors behind frequent visits to a city park where they live were determined. It has been seen that there is a sensory perception difference for each visually impaired individual. Accordingly, each one of them uses a different sense primarily. It has been determined that sensory perception styles are formed according to different sensory integrities. It is understood that independent visits to a place, the number of visits, and the time spent in this place affect these sensory perception styles. It has been revealed that there are signs they determined as sensory references in their sensory perception styles, and these help them to recognize, understand and use the area. It was concluded that they determined more than one reference for each sense, that these references had a representation in the space, and that all these phenomena formed a network within themselves. The second part of the study findings is the outputs of the experimental field study. As a result of the evaluation of the pilot study with two people, the experimental field method was developed. Emirgan Grove city park was visited with 8 individuals who participate voluntarily. Each individual has formed his/her own path in the park via his/her own sensory perception style. The followed routes were various in terms of the independent movement abilities of the visually impaired users, their way of using their senses, and their recognition of urban park spaces. The dominant senses, which are the factors in these unique routes of individuals, and sensory references were determined in each sense phenomenon. It was observed that the senses were classified within the place, and both the intensity and repetition of the sensory references were changed compared to other references. It has been learned that visually impaired users map the places they experience in their minds. Thus, they can use the area more quickly, effectively, and comfortably. In creating these maps, the importance of the sensory references they determined during the field experience was noted. Moreover, in order to clarify this cognitive map, it was emphasized that the area should be experienced independently, the experience should be repeated several times, and effective time should be spent in the space. The findings of the last section were developed as a result of not only the space syntax analyzes of Emirgan Grove's landscape design and accessibility but also the evaluation of the visually impaired independent movement phenomena. In an urban environment, it has been determined that visually impaired individuals can differ in their independent movement abilities, use of canes, and use of senses. From this point of view, it was realized that the cognitive maps of visually impaired users of a space show both similarities and differences. It has been seen that individuals have experienced a space as much as they perceive it and grasped it on the route they have created in their minds. Besides, it has been revealed that the most important reference in this route followed by the individual is the tactile references that provide the trace of the path. This situation causes the individual to walk on a specific route. It has also been observed that even if the position has changed for some reason, the person continues on his way by determining a certain path. Briefly, while the current use of Emirgan Grove is similar for all users, it has been determined that usage can be at various levels depending on the independent movements of visually impaired users. As a result of this research, suggestions that will be effective in landscape design have been developed by evaluating the representation of sensory references in spatial use. It is thought that these suggestions will guide the perception with all senses of landscape spaces within the scope of universal design. The recommendations also revealed valuable information as follows. The more often and longer visually impaired people experience a space, the more they perceive the sensory references related to that space. There may be differences between individuals regarding their senses and the references they perceive in the space. Therefore, the perceived references must be included in a specific spatial structure. Visually impaired people also grasp the setting of the space as they use the area. In this context, access to the area is another significant factor. This study offers detailed concepts for incorporating functional sensory references into the design process of a city park. The aim of including these references in the design principles is to support these users' comfortable perception of space, independent and safe mobility, correct orientation, and easy accessibility to indoor activities and services in urban public green spaces. For visually impaired individuals to live independently, the physical environmental conditions of the city should be taken into consideration according to the way these individuals use urban spaces. As a result, in urban environmental design, the necessity of multi-disciplinary and comprehensive studies with sustainable developments comes to the forefront in the design and implementation of accessible, perceptible, and recognisable landscape spaces in addition to the visuality. The obtained outputs via a visually impaired individual's sense of the city will bring further developments and perspectives to the design concept of landscape spaces within the urban environment. Urban spaces, which are designed using the spatial perception references of visually impaired individuals, will also contribute to urban accessibility for all users. It is predicted that conducting studies with visually impaired individuals in different landscape areas of the city will enrich the determined sensory references as a result of this research. In addition, it is thought that increasing the duration and repetition of the space experiences of individuals will contribute to the result.
Açıklama
Tez(Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021
Anahtar kelimeler
evrensel tasarım,
universal design,
görme engelliler,
visually impaired,
kentsel peyzaj,
urban landscape