Şehir içi yol kenarı sabit tesisler için trafik kazalarına karşı koruyucu ve önleyici otokorkuluk geliştirilmesi
Şehir içi yol kenarı sabit tesisler için trafik kazalarına karşı koruyucu ve önleyici otokorkuluk geliştirilmesi
Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
Apak, Mustafa Yurdabal
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Ulaştırma sistemleri; kara, hava, su ve sürekli akış sistemleri olmak üzere 4 (dört) ana başlıkta toplanmaktadır. Boru hattı taşımacılığı, dört temel ulaştırma sisteminden sürekli akış sistemleri içerisinde yer almaktadır. Türkiye'de ulusal ve uluslararası boru hatları taşımacılığı son yıllarda çok ciddi gelişim göstermiştir. Günümüzde önemli ve stratejik ulaşım türlerinden biri olan boru hatları taşımacılığının içerisinde doğal gaz boru hattı taşımacılığı da önemli bir yer teşkil etmektedir. Güvenli boru hattı taşımacılığı, doğal gazın iletim ve dağıtımında çevreye duyarlı olarak, sürdürülebilir, etkin ve hızlı bir şekilde son kullanıcıya ulaştırılması için yürütülen faaliyetlerde, özellikle şehir içerisinde meydana gelebilecek olumsuzluklara karşı alınacak emniyet tedbirleri ile insan hayatı, işletme güvenliği ve kesintisiz enerji arzında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bunların yanında özellikle kent içi boru hattı taşımacılık sistemlerinden olan doğal gaz boru hatlarına ait yer üstü varlıkları, genellikle ulaşım altyapısı üzerinde bulunması sebebiyle trafik ve ulaşım güvenliği açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu varlıklar, yeterli düzeyde tedbir alınmaması halinde trafik güvenliği açısından büyük riskler oluşturabilmektedir. Herhangi bir kaza halinde öncelikli olarak çarpma şiddetine göre bir yangın ve patlamanın oluşması durumunda, sürücü, yolcu, çevredeki yayalar ve yakında bulunan yaşam alanlarına büyük zarar verme risklerine sahiptir. Ayrıca alt yapı varlığında oluşacak olan hasarın giderilme süresi hasar büyüklüğüne göre artmakta ve bu zaman süresince ulaşım alt yapısı kullanılamamakta olup trafik, zaman ve çevre üzerinde olumsuzluklara da neden olmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında; şehir içi doğal gaz dağıtım hatlarına ait yer üstü varlıklarının, ulaştırma güvenliği açısından performansı ve taşıdığı riskler değerlendirilerek performans arttırıcı önlemler ile yüzeysel temelli modüler sabit mantar otokorkuluk sistemi tasarımı geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın giriş bölümü olan birinci bölümde, tezin amacı ile birlikte, doğal gaz taşımacılığının ülkemiz ve İstanbul özelinde gelişim süreci incelenerek, doğal gaz işletmeciliğine ait yer altı ve yer üstü varlıklarının mevcut durumları ortaya konulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, bu çalışmaya temel teşkil eden literatür araştırmasına yer verilmiştir. Boru hatları risk yönetimine ait ulusal ve uluslararası uygulama ve kabullere yer verilerek yer üstü varlıklarının risk puanlarının oluşturulduğu çalışmalar gösterilmiştir. Tehlikeli maddelere ait yanma, patlama ve tehlikeli bölge sınıflandırmaları tanımlanmıştır. Ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte yol kenarındaki tesislerde kullanılan otokorkuluk sistemleri araştırılmıştır. Uluslararası yol kenarı güvenlik bariyer standartlarına ait parametreler karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenerek güvenli yol kenarı kavramı incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, İstanbul örneği için yapılan çalışmalarda, yol kenarı tehlike içeren tesislerden olan RMS-B şehir içi doğal gaz dağıtım istasyonlarının bulunduğu noktalarda, yaşanan kaza durumlarının incelenmesi, literatür taraması ve saha araştırmaları sonucunda risk kriterleri belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında İstanbul'da bulunan 768 adet RMS-B istasyonunu örnekleyecek şekilde 172 adet istasyonda saha çalışması yapılarak belirlenen kriterler doğrultusunda veri toplanmıştır. Toplanan bu veriler ışığında risk parametreleri ve bu parametrelere ait risk katsayıları belirlenmiştir. Bu risk parametreleri için Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) ile duyarlılık analizi yapılmıştır. Bu analizler sonucunda her bir varlığa ait toplam risk puanları elde edilmiştir. Bu puanlar çerçevesinde kümülatif dağılım fonksiyon (CDF) eğrisi ile istatistiksel olarak risk aralıkları anlamlandırılarak risk grupları oluşturulmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde, mevcut sabit otokorkulukların kaza verileriyle doğrulanması ve sayısal performans değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Bu otokorkulukların sabitlendiği beton ve toprağa ait sonlu eleman modelleri oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan sayısal modeller, dinamik davranışların simüle edilebilmesi için araç modelleri ile birleştirilmiştir. Birleştirilen sonlu eleman modelleri LS-DYNA programı kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Model, yaşanan kaza senaryosunun doğrulanması ile kalibre edilmiştir. Mevcut otokorkulukların performansı için penetrasyon miktarları belirlenirken, sayısal modelde BSI PAS 68:2013 koşullarına uygun farklı kategorilerde değişik kütle ve hıza sahip araçların çarpma simülasyonu ile analiz yapılmıştır. Çarpma analizlerinde taşıtların penetrasyon miktarı en fazla 1,00 m olacak şekilde dikkate alınmıştır. Bu analizler sonucunda İstanbul bölgesel trafik karakteristiği göz önüne alındığında, mevcut sabit mantar otokorkuluk sisteminin yol kenarındaki tehlike içeren sabit tesislerin korunması için yeterli gelmeyeceği ve iyileştirilmesinin gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, üçüncü bölümde belirlenmiş olan risk gruplarına uygun yüzeysel mütemadi temelli modüler sabit mantar otokorkuluk sisteminin tasarımı ve performans analizi PAS 68:2013 ve PAS 69:2013'e uygun olarak yapılmıştır. Yeni yüzeysel temelli modüler otokorkuluk sistemi için sonlu eleman modelleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu oluşturulan sayısal modeller, dinamik davranışların simüle edilebilmesi için araç modelleri ile birleştirilerek LS-DYNA programı kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Buna göre, farklı kategorilerdeki değişik kütlelere sahip araçlar BSI PAS 68:2013 standardında şehir içi tarafiğine en yakın hız limiti ve belirlenen çarpma enerjisine göre çarpma simülasyonları ile analiz edilmiştir. Araç penetrasyon miktarı 1,00 m olarak alınmıştır. Bu şartlarda farklı risk gruplarında kullanılabilecek maksimum 1,00 m penetrasyonu sağlayan dört farklı koruma seviyesine sahip yeni tasarım otokorkuluk sistemi elde edilmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında; doğal gaz boru taşımacılığı yer üstü varlıklarının ulaştırma altyapısı veya komşuluğunda bulunması durumunda: • Ulaşım altyapısında yer alan yol geometrik özellikleri ve trafik kompozisyonunda yer alan araç sayısı, yol eğimi, engelsiz bölge genişliği vb. bileşenlerin ağırlıkları hesaplanmış ve bunların önceliklerine göre varlığın risk düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik risk modeli geliştirilmiştir. • Ayrıca risk gruplarına göre ulaşım sistemini kullanan sürücü, yolcu ve yaya ile komşuluğunda yer alan diğer insanların güvenliğini arttıracak yeni bir otokorkuluk modeli geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında ulaşılan sonuçlar ve yeni otokorkuluk sisteminin simüle çalışmalarıyla elde edilen bulgular altıncı bölüm içeriğinde verilmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar ışığında ileriye dönük yapılabilecek çalışmalar ise bu bölümde öneriler olarak özetlenmiştir.
Transportation systems, consist of 4 (four) main modes as land, air, water, and continuous flow systems. Pipeline transportation takes place in continuous flow systems from four basic transportation systems. In Turkey, national and international pipeline transportation has made a very serious development in recent years. Nowadays, natural gas pipeline transportation is an important place in pipeline transportation which is one of the important and strategic transportation types. Safe pipeline transportation is an environmentally friendly, sustainable, efficient and fast way to transport the natural gas to the end-user and it has a very important place in human life, operational safety, and uninterrupted energy supply especially with the safety measures to be taken against the problems that may occur in the city. In addition, the above-ground assets of natural gas pipelines, which are one of the urban pipeline transportation systems, are of great importance in terms of traffic and transportation security as they are generally located on the transportation infrastructure. These assets may pose great risks to traffic safety if adequate countermeasures are not taken. In the event of a fire and explosion, depending on the severity of the impact, in the event of an accident, the driver, passenger, pedestrians, and the surrounding areas are at great risk of damage. Furthermore, the elimination time of the damage that will occur in the presence of the infrastructure increases according to the damage size and transportation infrastructure cannot be used during this time and causes negativity on traffic, time and environment. In this dissertation, the performance and risks of the above-ground assets of the pipeline transportation, which is one of the five transportation types, of the natural gas distribution lines of the city in terms of transportation safety are evaluated and shallow mount modular a fixed bollards system was developed by designing performance-enhancing measures. In the first part of the dissertation, along with the aim of the dissertation, the development process of natural gas transportation in our country and Istanbul is examined and the current status of the underground and above-ground assets belonging to natural gas management is revealed. In the second chapter, the literature research which is the basis of this dissertation is given. Studies on the risk scores of above-ground assets have been demonstrated by including national and international practices and assumptions related to pipeline risk management. Hazardous events and substances have been identified and classified which are combustion, explosion, and fixed objects in the roadside. Fixed and shallow mount fixed bollard systems used in roadside facilities on a national and international scale were investigated. The parameters of international roadside safety barrier standards were analyzed comparatively and the concept of the clear zone was examined. In the third chapter, in the case study of Istanbul, risk criteria were determined as a result of the investigation of accident cases, the literature review and field researches at the locations where the Reducing and Metering Station-B (RMS-B) city natural gas distribution stations were located. When this study started, a field study was conducted on 172 RMS-B stations to sample 768 RMS-B stations in Istanbul and data were collected in accordance with certain identified criteria. In the light of these data, risk parameters and risk coefficients of these parameters were determined. Sensitivity analysis was performed with The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for these risk parameters. The risk coefficient for each asset is multiplied by the weight ratio of the relevant risk parameter. The weighted total risk score of the asset was found by multiplying the risk parameters by the weight ratio. The risk score of the asset is evaluated between 0 and 1000 in order to determine the risk of the asset clearly and make the right decision for the measures to be taken. The correction coefficient was used in this. As a result of these analyzes, total risk scores of each asset were obtained. Within the framework of these scores, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) curve was used to determine the risk ranges statistically and risk groups were formed. Significant relationships were obtained when the risk scores were compared with the field data. At the same time, these risk group ranges were used to determine the protection levels to be used in the design of the new bollard system. In the fourth chapter, validation of the existing fixed bollards by accident data and numerical performance evaluations were made. For existing bollards, concrete, and soil where these bollards are fixed, finite element models have been created. These generated numerical models are combined with vehicle models to simulate dynamic behaviors. The combined finite element models were solved by-with using the LS-DYNA program. The model has been calibrated by verifying with the accident scenario. In order to determine the penetration amounts of the existing bollards, the performance of the existing bollard systems were analyzed by impact simulation of vehicles with different mass and speed in different categories in accordance with BSI PAS 68:2013 conditions. In the impact analysis, the penetration amount of the vehicles have taken into consideration at a distance of maximum 1,00 m. As a result of the numerical analysis, the existing fixed bollard system cannot stop the 30,000 kg and 18,000 kg N3 category and 7,500 kg N2 category day cab vehicles safely even at the minimum speed of 16 km/h, thus damaging the above-ground facility. The existing fixed bollard system does not provide a minimum speed of 48 km/h, which can be considered as urban speed limitation for N1 category day cab vehicle of 3,500 kg and N1G category 4x4 pick up car of 2,500 kg. The existing fixed bollard system can only stop vehicles in the M1 category cars of 1.500 kg and 900 kg at a speed limit of 64 km/h. As a result, it is seen that the evaluating only M1 category cars, taking into account the Istanbul regional traffic characteristics of commercial vehicles and especially high tonnage vehicles such as earthmoving trucks due to urban regeneration, the existing fixed bollard system is not sufficient for the protection of the urban roadside fixed above-ground assets. Therefore, it needs to be improved. In the fifth chapter, the design and performance analysis of the shallow mount modular fixed bollard systems in accordance with the risk groups identified in the third chapter were carried out in accordance with BSI PAS 68:2013 and BSI PAS 69:2013. The new shallow mount modular fixed bollard systems is designed in a modular manner with a superficial rigid continuous foundation system. It is aimed to provide the same durability conditions for the productions to be made at different points by reducing the labor as much as possible under the site conditions. The design of the construction is intended to facilitate manufacturing, labor, assembly, and stocking. Particularly in the selection of materials, steel profiles and steel flat products which are easily available in market conditions were preferred. In this way, it is thought that the manufacturer can supply material easily and will provide advantage in welding fixtures to be installed. Due to its modular structure, it has been evaluated that it will provide advantages to the users in terms of lack of variety item, easy stocking, minimum stock quantity and ease of transportation. Weakening and strengthening of the system is provided by the pipe section of the bollard. The maximum clearance of the bollard is planned to be minimum 1025 mm and a maximum clearance of 1200 mm is required for fixed bollards according to the BSI PAS 69:2013 standard is also provided. In order to avoid the need for additional welding in field applications, bolts were used in the assembly of the modular structure. It is foreseen that the bolted joint will also facilitate the replacement of the damaged bollard after the accident. According to BSI PAS 69:2013 standard, a shallow mount bollard of maximum 50 cm depth is designed. In this way, it is aimed to minimize the negative effects of infrastructure on the roadside and pavements. Within the framework of these principles, an innovative system has been designed in four different protection classes. Finite element models have been created for the new shallow mount modular fixed bollards system. These numerical models were solved by using the LS-DYNA program by combining with vehicle models to simulate dynamic behaviors. Accordingly, vehicles with different masses in different categories were analyzed with the BSI PAS 68:2013 standard with the speed limit closest to the urban side and impact simulations according to the determined impact energy. Vehicle penetration was taken as 1,00 m. In these conditions, a new design bollard system with four different protection levels has been obtained which provides maximum 1,00 m penetration which can be used in different risk groups. In this thesis, if the above ground assets of natural gas pipe transport are located in the transportation infrastructure or in the neighborhood: • Road geometric characteristics of the transportation infrastructure and the number of vehicles in the traffic composition, road slope, unobstructed zone width, etc. sensitivity analysis of parameters has been performed and the risk model has been developed to determine the risk level of the asset according to their priorities. • In addition, a new bollard model was developed to increase the safety of drivers, passengers, pedestrians and other people in the neighborhood using the transportation system according to risk groups. The results obtained in this dissertation and the findings obtained as a result of simulated studies of the new bollard system are given in the sixth chapter. In light of these results, the prospective studies are summarized as recommendations in this section.
Transportation systems, consist of 4 (four) main modes as land, air, water, and continuous flow systems. Pipeline transportation takes place in continuous flow systems from four basic transportation systems. In Turkey, national and international pipeline transportation has made a very serious development in recent years. Nowadays, natural gas pipeline transportation is an important place in pipeline transportation which is one of the important and strategic transportation types. Safe pipeline transportation is an environmentally friendly, sustainable, efficient and fast way to transport the natural gas to the end-user and it has a very important place in human life, operational safety, and uninterrupted energy supply especially with the safety measures to be taken against the problems that may occur in the city. In addition, the above-ground assets of natural gas pipelines, which are one of the urban pipeline transportation systems, are of great importance in terms of traffic and transportation security as they are generally located on the transportation infrastructure. These assets may pose great risks to traffic safety if adequate countermeasures are not taken. In the event of a fire and explosion, depending on the severity of the impact, in the event of an accident, the driver, passenger, pedestrians, and the surrounding areas are at great risk of damage. Furthermore, the elimination time of the damage that will occur in the presence of the infrastructure increases according to the damage size and transportation infrastructure cannot be used during this time and causes negativity on traffic, time and environment. In this dissertation, the performance and risks of the above-ground assets of the pipeline transportation, which is one of the five transportation types, of the natural gas distribution lines of the city in terms of transportation safety are evaluated and shallow mount modular a fixed bollards system was developed by designing performance-enhancing measures. In the first part of the dissertation, along with the aim of the dissertation, the development process of natural gas transportation in our country and Istanbul is examined and the current status of the underground and above-ground assets belonging to natural gas management is revealed. In the second chapter, the literature research which is the basis of this dissertation is given. Studies on the risk scores of above-ground assets have been demonstrated by including national and international practices and assumptions related to pipeline risk management. Hazardous events and substances have been identified and classified which are combustion, explosion, and fixed objects in the roadside. Fixed and shallow mount fixed bollard systems used in roadside facilities on a national and international scale were investigated. The parameters of international roadside safety barrier standards were analyzed comparatively and the concept of the clear zone was examined. In the third chapter, in the case study of Istanbul, risk criteria were determined as a result of the investigation of accident cases, the literature review and field researches at the locations where the Reducing and Metering Station-B (RMS-B) city natural gas distribution stations were located. When this study started, a field study was conducted on 172 RMS-B stations to sample 768 RMS-B stations in Istanbul and data were collected in accordance with certain identified criteria. In the light of these data, risk parameters and risk coefficients of these parameters were determined. Sensitivity analysis was performed with The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for these risk parameters. The risk coefficient for each asset is multiplied by the weight ratio of the relevant risk parameter. The weighted total risk score of the asset was found by multiplying the risk parameters by the weight ratio. The risk score of the asset is evaluated between 0 and 1000 in order to determine the risk of the asset clearly and make the right decision for the measures to be taken. The correction coefficient was used in this. As a result of these analyzes, total risk scores of each asset were obtained. Within the framework of these scores, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) curve was used to determine the risk ranges statistically and risk groups were formed. Significant relationships were obtained when the risk scores were compared with the field data. At the same time, these risk group ranges were used to determine the protection levels to be used in the design of the new bollard system. In the fourth chapter, validation of the existing fixed bollards by accident data and numerical performance evaluations were made. For existing bollards, concrete, and soil where these bollards are fixed, finite element models have been created. These generated numerical models are combined with vehicle models to simulate dynamic behaviors. The combined finite element models were solved by-with using the LS-DYNA program. The model has been calibrated by verifying with the accident scenario. In order to determine the penetration amounts of the existing bollards, the performance of the existing bollard systems were analyzed by impact simulation of vehicles with different mass and speed in different categories in accordance with BSI PAS 68:2013 conditions. In the impact analysis, the penetration amount of the vehicles have taken into consideration at a distance of maximum 1,00 m. As a result of the numerical analysis, the existing fixed bollard system cannot stop the 30,000 kg and 18,000 kg N3 category and 7,500 kg N2 category day cab vehicles safely even at the minimum speed of 16 km/h, thus damaging the above-ground facility. The existing fixed bollard system does not provide a minimum speed of 48 km/h, which can be considered as urban speed limitation for N1 category day cab vehicle of 3,500 kg and N1G category 4x4 pick up car of 2,500 kg. The existing fixed bollard system can only stop vehicles in the M1 category cars of 1.500 kg and 900 kg at a speed limit of 64 km/h. As a result, it is seen that the evaluating only M1 category cars, taking into account the Istanbul regional traffic characteristics of commercial vehicles and especially high tonnage vehicles such as earthmoving trucks due to urban regeneration, the existing fixed bollard system is not sufficient for the protection of the urban roadside fixed above-ground assets. Therefore, it needs to be improved. In the fifth chapter, the design and performance analysis of the shallow mount modular fixed bollard systems in accordance with the risk groups identified in the third chapter were carried out in accordance with BSI PAS 68:2013 and BSI PAS 69:2013. The new shallow mount modular fixed bollard systems is designed in a modular manner with a superficial rigid continuous foundation system. It is aimed to provide the same durability conditions for the productions to be made at different points by reducing the labor as much as possible under the site conditions. The design of the construction is intended to facilitate manufacturing, labor, assembly, and stocking. Particularly in the selection of materials, steel profiles and steel flat products which are easily available in market conditions were preferred. In this way, it is thought that the manufacturer can supply material easily and will provide advantage in welding fixtures to be installed. Due to its modular structure, it has been evaluated that it will provide advantages to the users in terms of lack of variety item, easy stocking, minimum stock quantity and ease of transportation. Weakening and strengthening of the system is provided by the pipe section of the bollard. The maximum clearance of the bollard is planned to be minimum 1025 mm and a maximum clearance of 1200 mm is required for fixed bollards according to the BSI PAS 69:2013 standard is also provided. In order to avoid the need for additional welding in field applications, bolts were used in the assembly of the modular structure. It is foreseen that the bolted joint will also facilitate the replacement of the damaged bollard after the accident. According to BSI PAS 69:2013 standard, a shallow mount bollard of maximum 50 cm depth is designed. In this way, it is aimed to minimize the negative effects of infrastructure on the roadside and pavements. Within the framework of these principles, an innovative system has been designed in four different protection classes. Finite element models have been created for the new shallow mount modular fixed bollards system. These numerical models were solved by using the LS-DYNA program by combining with vehicle models to simulate dynamic behaviors. Accordingly, vehicles with different masses in different categories were analyzed with the BSI PAS 68:2013 standard with the speed limit closest to the urban side and impact simulations according to the determined impact energy. Vehicle penetration was taken as 1,00 m. In these conditions, a new design bollard system with four different protection levels has been obtained which provides maximum 1,00 m penetration which can be used in different risk groups. In this thesis, if the above ground assets of natural gas pipe transport are located in the transportation infrastructure or in the neighborhood: • Road geometric characteristics of the transportation infrastructure and the number of vehicles in the traffic composition, road slope, unobstructed zone width, etc. sensitivity analysis of parameters has been performed and the risk model has been developed to determine the risk level of the asset according to their priorities. • In addition, a new bollard model was developed to increase the safety of drivers, passengers, pedestrians and other people in the neighborhood using the transportation system according to risk groups. The results obtained in this dissertation and the findings obtained as a result of simulated studies of the new bollard system are given in the sixth chapter. In light of these results, the prospective studies are summarized as recommendations in this section.
Açıklama
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2019
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2019
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2019
Anahtar kelimeler
Dinamik analiz,
Otokorkuluk,
Risk değerlendirmesi,
Risk faktörleri,
Risk modellemesi,
S eğrisi,
Sonlu elemanlar analizi,
Yol güvenliği,
Yol kenarları,
Çarpma problemleri,
Dynamic analysis,
Guardrail,
Risk assesment,
Risk factors,
Risk modelling,
S curve,
Finite element analysis,
Road safety,
Roadsides,
Impact problems