Didim Klaros Kutsal Alanları Ve Anadolu Apollon Tapınakları

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Tarih
1996
Yazarlar
Kuray, Can
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Institute of Social Sciences
Özet
Kehanet eski Yunanlıların hayatında önemli bir yer tutmaktaydı. Anadoluda Apollon'a adanmış olan Didim ve Klaros kutsal alanlarındaki tapınaklar.kehanetiyle ün kazanmış önemli mağbetlerdir. Didim ve Klaros kutsal alanlarında kuyu ve koru luk gibi tabi varlıkların bulunmasından dolayı bu tapınakların buralara kurulması uy gundu. Didim ve Klaros tapınaklarının kehanet özelliği olduğu için, bu tapınakların iç planları kehanet işlevi ön planda tutularak, alışılmışın dışında düzenlenmiştir. Anadoludaki diğer Apollon tapınaklarında ise kuyu koruluk gibi tabi varlıklara ras- lanmaz. Yani bu tapınakların kehanet özelliği yoktu. Didim ve Klaros tapınaklarının alışılmışın dışında olan planları bu tapınakları, kehanet özelliği olmayan diğer Anadolu Apollon tapınaklarından ayırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada ayrıca Anadoludaki Apollon tapınaklarının çoğnulukla peripteros plan şemalı olduğu ve bu tapınakların Doğu-Batı doğrultusunda yönlendirilmiş olanlarının fazla olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
Didym and Klaros are the two oracular centres of Apollo in Anatolia. They were as famous as Delphi in antiquity and their foundation go back to Archaic period. In this thesis Didym and Klaros sanctuaries introduced and two temples of that sanctuaries indicated that their unusual interior plans were designed for the oracular purpose of these temples. In addition, in this thesis the other Anatolian Apollo temples are examined and researched whether these temples had oracular characteristic or not. First of all in the mythologic part of the thesis, Apollo introduced with various characteristics and epithedes. Also in the mythologic part of the thesis the power of Apollo in Roman time and the origine of the god are discussed. Apollo is the son of Zeus and goddess of night Leto. He is one of the greatest god of the Hellenic panteon. Apollo kept his power in Roman time. In this period Sagalassos, Side, Hierapolis Apollon temples were built in Anatolia. Apollo was mostly respected in Augustus time and became the most worshipper god until the end of pagan religion. The evidences which were obtained from the epithet of Apollo in Iliad and his role in the epic shows Apollo as a god of Anatolia. Further more, the magnificence of Apollo temples in the region Troas, Aiolis, Ionia, Caria, Lykia, Pisidia and Pamfylia attach him to this land. One of the oracular centre of Apollo in Anatolia is Didym. Didym is in lonia.near the Yenihisar village of Söke. Seventeen kilometers North of the Didym is Milet, three and half kilometers North West of Didym ancient Panormos harbour located. Didym is not a city. It is sanctuary which was built by Milesians. The first study on Didym was done by Richard Chandler in 1765. After this, the survey on temple was continued by CR. Cockerell (1812), Charles Texier (1815) and Philippe le Bas (1843). T.Newton made excavations along the sacred way and found the seated figures of archaic period. The works of British on Didym was not deep. They did not make any excavation on temple. The first excavation was began by E.Pontremoli and Bernard Hausoulier in 1895. They excavated the temple up to the two standing North columns. The French work on the temple - IX stopped in 1896 because of the windmill which, sat on the eastern part of the temple. The windmill was bought and removed by Berlin Museum which over took the French rights in 1905. The German excavations under Teodore Wiegant direction continued from 1905 to 1914. In this work Wiegant brought light the temple and He removed the basilica and babtis room which were built in naos by Byzantines. Since the second world war the Deuches Archaologisches institut has been continued the works on Didyma. Didym Apollo temple is not alone in the sanctuary. Eight meters from the temple a round altar is present. The remains show two doors on its and west sides. In the altar ashes was surrounded by short walls. The same altar was used from archaic period to the Roman time. There is a well on the north of the altar. It dates also to the archaic period. The bottom of the well was filled with stones and it is twelve meters deep today. The well was carrying a shelter in archaic period. This shelter was taken off in later periods. On the east, thirty meters distant from the stairs of the temple an archaic wall is present. This wall was supporting a platform which had two stoas on it. The wall was also part of the archaic temenos. Five flights of steps led up to the platform which was on th wall. The foot races which were organized in Megala Didyma ceremonies took place in the stadium. The stadium lies immediatly beside the temple on the south side. The south steps of the temple are north seats of the stadium. On the other hand the south seats of the stadium begin where the platform wall ends. The starting-line for the foot-races is preserved at the east end of the stadium. In the site an other structure is the "Chresmographion". This place had something to do with the written form of the oracles. Its site is unknown but it would be on the northwest of the temple. The final structure on the site is the prophet house. It was a construction in doric order. It is not known where it stood, but very likely its site was near the temple. A sacred road connected Milet to Didym. The road first reached the sea at Panormos. From Panormos it ran three and a half kilometers southeastwards to Didyma and it finally ended at the entrence to the enclosure of Apollo's temple. The road was made by Trajan about 100 AD. About three hundred meters north of the temple the sacred road reaches the temenos. In front of the temenos there was a propylaea perhaps in the form of an arch. The seated male, female figures and lions were lined before the sacred road entered the temenos. The foundation of Didyma goes back to Archaic period. The principal parts of the archaic Didyma shows the influence of Samos Hera and Ephesos Artemis temples. Archaic Didyma is an ionic dipteros temple. The outer peristasis of the temple contained nine columns on the west facade, eight columns on the east facade and twenty one columns along each side. The reason of one column less on the eastern side is to form a kind of entrence as in other ionic temples. In archaic temple there was direct access from pronaos to naos. The principal building material of the archaic temple was tufa. However, those parts visible from the - x - outside, the whole of the upper structure and columns in pronaos were made of marble. The pronaos columns of the archaic Didyma were ornamented like Ephesos Artemis temple columns with women reliefs. This type of columns is called "column caelata". The archaic temple had three fascias architrave. It was decorated with lion and gorgon. Lion was connected with Apollo. The sima of the archaic temple was decorated with acroterion and antefix. The construction of Hellenistic Didyma began about 300 BC with the help of Seleukos I. The new temple is bigger than the archaic Didyma. It is ionic dipteros temple. The temple has twenty one columns in each row along the north and south sides, ten columns in each row across the front and rear, making 108 columns in the peristyle; with twelve columns in the pronaos there are 120 exterior columns. The columns are 19,70 m hight and have an intercolumnation 5,30 m. The deep pronaos of the temple contains three rows of four columns. The western wall of pronaos has a 5,63 meters opening. The threshold stone of this opening is 1,5 m. higher than stylobate. So there is no direct entrence from pronaos to cella. The only access to the naos is provided with the tunnels which are on the south and north sides of the pronaos. In the naos between the.^unnels a wide flight of steps leads upward, toward the triple doors and the two columned room. On each side of the room there is a door that gives access to a stairwell. Each stairwell encloses a double flight of stairs. The naos of the temple is open to sky. High walls surround the naos on three sides. The walls are supported by pilasters. In the western part of the naos Naiskos stood. Naiskos is a tetrastyle prostyle structure. In the naiskos there was a cult statue and oracular spring. The peristyl column bases of Didym are Anatolian column base type. They are formed with two tronchilos and fluted torus. Only eight colum bases which are on the east face of the temple are different. These bases are arranged in pairs symmetrical with respect to the central axis. Some of these bases are decorated with 'foliage or with a Nereid riding a sea horse. The volute of the capital at the south east corner of the temple was decorated with the head of Apollo and Zeus. The other volute of this capital was ornamented with gryfin. Over the capitals there was a long architrave and over this a frieze decorated with Medusa heads. There was a curving branch between the Medusa heads. At Didym on the day of consultation the enquirers gathered in the pronaos. Already on the previous day their questions were written at the Chresmographion. As the first act of the ritual, the oracle was taken dawn from the upper stories of the temple to the two column room by the prophet and the choir. Then they proceeded down the grand staircase to the naiskos and the sacred spring. In naos the oracle after getting trance with water repies the questions put to her by prophet; and her answers were arranged in the form of hexameters. When the consultation in naos, ends the procession goes to the staircase. When choir mounted the stairs its - xi - volume increases. The triple doorways divides the procession into two lines. Finally, in the two columns room the door opens and prophet announces the answers of Apollo. It is clear that the grand staircase, the two columns room and the window opening which are unusual for a temple is designed here for the oracular purpose. Klaros is an other sanctuary of Apollo in Anatolia. Klaros is a religious centre 15 km from Kolophon. Klaros was first discovered by Theodore Macridy in 1 905. Theodore Macridy and Charles Picard found propylaea of the sanctuary. However, Louis Robert was the scholar who carried out systematic excavations of the temple from 1950 to 1960. In this excavations Louis Robert found the temples of Apollo and Arthemis with their altars. The latest works at Klaros was began by Juliette de la Geniere in 1 988. The excavations at Klaros are regularly carryed on every year under Geniere's direction. A propylaea leads to the sanctuary on the south of the temple. The propylaea is square in shape and built in doric order. There are four columns on the south and two columns on the north porch of the propylaea. The sacred way of the temple begins on the north of the propylaea. On the sacred way there are statue bases which were erected for the governors of the Roman pp/vince of Asia. The sacred way comes to an end in front of the east facade of the temple. It has not found yet but a stadium would be in the site for the foot race. The foundation of Klaros temple goes back to the archaic period. The archaic temple was 8,30 m. wide and it was surrounded with columns. The construction of the latest temple began in the Roman period and completed by Hadrian in the 2 century AD. The temple stands on five stepped krepidoma. It is a doric order peripteros temple. It has eleven columns on the long side and six columns on the short side. The most interesting part of the Klaros temple is krypt. In the pronaos two stairs lead into two corridors. The corridors run parallel to each other, one in the north, the other in the south. Each corridor makes a right angled bend to meet the other, and continues for some distance as a single passage way. When the corridors come to the wall of the first room, they separate again and enter to the east from the opposite sides. The second room under the cella is the west room. A thick wall separetes the two rooms. There is a door in the middle of this wall. There is no other entrence to the west room. On the left side of the west room a sacret well is present. ; The consultation was at night in Klaros. On the consultation night the visitors gathered in the pronaos. First group of the visitors went down the narrow corridors with lamps. After six right-angle turns on the way they arrived to the east room. In the east room the visitors heard the meaningless voice of the oracle and - XII - the poets words. Then, the first group left the room from the other door for the next group to come in. It is clear that the interior parts of the temple, the narrow corridors and the krypt are the designed for the oracular purpose. Chrysa Apollo temple in Troas is a pseudo dipteros ionic temple. It stands on eleven stepped podium. It has fourteen columns on the long side and six columns on the short side. It dates to the second century BC. Apollo temple in Letoon senctuary is a peripteros doric temple. It has eleven columns on the long side and six columns on short side. It was built in the second half of the second century BC. Apollo temple at Alabanda is a Pseudo Dipteros ionic temple. It has thirteen columns on long the side and six columns on the short side. It dates to the second half of the second century BC. Apollo temple at Aigai is a peripteros ionic temple. It has six columns on the short side, but the number of columns on the long side is unknown. It dates to 46 AD. Apollo temple at Sagalassos is an ionic peripteros temple. It has eleven columns on the long side and six columns on the short side. It dates to 140 AD. Apollo temple at Side is a peripteros temple. It is in the Corinthian order. It has eleven columns on the long side and six columns on short side. It dates to the second half of the second century AD. These other Anatolian temples do not have any sacred well and grove. Also they don't have any mysterious interior plan. These temples had no oracular purpose..V The last Apollo temple in Anatolia is at Hierapolis. It dates to the third century AD. The order and the number of columns is unknown. At Hierapolis Apollo is combined with a local Anatolian god and get oracular power from him. At Hierapolis the oracular activity was drawing a lot and there was not any ceremony like in Didym and Klaros. This activity did not make any influence on this temple's plan. The interior plan of Didyma and Klaros were; designed unusual for their oracular purpose. The other Anatolian temples which don't have oracle characteristic don't have a unique plan like the ones at Didym and Klaros.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017
Thesis (M.A.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2017
Anahtar kelimeler
Sanat Tarihi, Apollon tapınakları, Aydın-Didim, Klaros, Kutsal yerler, Tapınaklar, Art History, Apollon temples, Aydın-Didim, Klaros, Sacred places, Temples
Alıntı