Metropoliten Kentlerde Hizmet Sektörünün Gelişimi

Abstract

Sanayi öncesi kentleri ve sanayi kentlerinden sonra kentsel evrim sürecinin üçüncü aşaması olan Metropoliten Kentler ortaya çıkmıştır. Metropolitenleşme de bir gelişim süreci ve olgusu olarak, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde farklı düzey ve biçimlerde oluşmuştur. Metpolitenleşme sürecinin sonucunda kentlerin ekonomik yapılarında değişiklikler olmuştur. Metropolitenleşmeyle beraber tarım (I. sektör) ve sanayi (II. sektör) sektöründen başka yeni bir sektör daha gündeme gelmiştir; hizmet sektörü. Bu sektörde metropolitenleşme sürecinde olduğu gibi beraberinde farklı düzey ve biçimler getirmiştir. Bu tezin amacı; metropolitenleşme ile hizmet sektörü arasındaki ilişkinin gelişmiş ülkeler ve ülkemizdeki durumunu incelemekdir. Altı bölümden oluşan çalışmanın giriş bölümünde konu genel hatlarıyla ele alınarak tanıtılmış, ikinci bölümde metropoliten kent, metropoliten alan tanımı yapılmış, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde metropolitenleşme süreci ayrı ayrı ele alınmış, gelişmiş ülkelerden 2 metropolün; New York, _ Londra ile Türkiye'den 3 metropolün; İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir'in metropoliten alan tanımları yapılarak metropolitenleşme ile hizmet sektörü arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde hizmet sektörü ile bu sektörün son yıllarda büyük artış kaydeden bir alt sektörü olan üretim hizmetleri sektörünün tanımı ve gelişimleri açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde dünya metropolleri New York ile Londra'nın hizmet sektörü gelişimleri açıklanmış, ayrıca bu bölümde New York, Londra ve Tokyo kentlerinde sektörler arası ilişki niceliksel olarak -korrelasyon katsayısı yöntemi- saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde ise Türkiye'nin en büyük 3 metropoliten kenti; İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir'de hizmet sektörünün gelişimi incelenmiş ve bir önceki bölümde yapılan analizler İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir kentleri için yapılmıştır. Sonuç ve değerlendirme bölümü olan altıncı bölümde ise önceki bölümlerdeki çalışmalara dayanarak New York, Londra, Tokyo, İstanbul, Ankara ve İzmir kentleri arasındaki benzerlik ve f arkl ı 1 ı klar irdelenmiştir.

Agriculture was the main way of living at the ancient cities, and f ör a long time, this did not change. Then industrial revolution, which started at the beginning of 18th century, had profound effects on the cities f ör a period of 200 years, took place. Industrialism forced the cities and the way of life in the cities to a restructuring. So the third stage of the evolution of the cities, started with the industrial revolution and transferred thera to metropoliten areas. The developed and the developing countries at the evolutionary process of metropolitanization, show different phases. The most impartant effect of metropolitanization is the change in economic structure of industralized cities. Economics classfy agriculture as the first sector because of its dominant role in history. Af ter the industrial revolution industry became the second sector and by the metropolitanization of cities industry became the reason of the third sector: "Services". The evolution of service sector also showed different aspect in developed and developing countries. These aspects are tried to define by analysing the development procedure in New York and London for the cases of developed countries. Furthermore, the example of service sector characteristics in the first 3 metropolitan cities of Turkey -İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir- are given as examples of different stages of service sector development in developing countries. The aim of this thesis is to find relations between metropolitanization and development of service sector in developed and developing countries. in the first part of this research, a general perspective of the subject and the aim of this thesis is dravm. in the second part, the definition of metropolitan cities and metropolitan areas are clearified. Examples from different evolutionary process and characteristics of metropolitanization in developed and developing countries and examples from Turkey are mentioned. viii The definition of "metropolitan area" differs very much from one analyst to another. Because there exist several elements effecting this definition. Some scientist take population as a measurement, while others give importance to the travel time and distances in inter-urban area and some of them takes economic and industrial measurements to define metropolitan area. But they agree that the development process of metropolitan areas and metropolitanization process differs from developed to developing countries. Implementation of technology and capital has direct effect on the metropolitanization process. But these elements did not take place similarly in every country and this became the main reason of the differences of development process. New York and London are chosen as the best examples, on showing the development of service sector in developed countries. New York is the first "World City" and also it is the most important industrial and financial center of the United States, which dominates the world's economy in the 20th century. London is the third "World City" after Tokyo and is the financial and industrial capital of Europe and United Kingdom. Metropolitanization process of developing countries are tried to explain by analysing primate city theory. Turkey is choosen as an example of developing country. Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir are taken as the best examples of metropolitanization process of Turkey and their service sector development is taken as a guide for Turkey ' s case. In the third part of this research, the definition and development of services as the tertiary or residual sector of economy is given. Furthermore the producer service sector is analyzed as the most improved sub sector in services. After the World War II, services, as third sector in the economy, developed rapidly. But this did not happened in a same way in each country. Developing economies, by their specific characteristics, followed different procedures to form services than developed capitalist countries. Services are vital for country's economy because of the following reasons: They constitute the largest share from Gross National Product (GNP) and employment distribution, they promote to regenerate growing productivity in the economy as they become more technologically sophisticated and capital intensive. Finally they are an increasingly critical component of what we traditionally have classified as the manufacturing and goods sector. Economic analysts do not agree on a common definition of services. Because they have changing structures that do not facilitate a general definition. The only point that economists agree is that, services contain activities different from agriculture and industry. They are part of ix the third sector of economy which has heterogenous characteristics. Table below shows activities that consist a large part of service sector. Types of Services Travel, Transportation, Tourism, and Leisure Services Lodging Recreational and cultural services Shipping (freight) Tourism (tourist counseling, tour operating) Transport of goods (air, rail, road, inland waterways, but excluding ocean transport) Travel (passenger transport) Return on Capital Factor income (direct and other investment income) Licensing (royalties, license fees, copyrights, and other forms of property income excluding income from financial assets) Rental (real estate) Workers' remittances Support Services Accounting Advertising Education Personal services (for example, domestics, drivers, hairdressers) Professional services (consultant, economic, legal, medical, and technical) Repairs and maintenance Construction/Engineering Services Construction and engineering (project execution, design management training, and consulting) Telecommunications, Information, and Data-Processing Services Data processing (computer treatment of information bases) Motion pictures, printing, and art work Telecommunications (telephone, telegraph, television, tele-data transmission) Financial and Insurance Services Banking and other financial services Brokerage (transport and insurance) Insurance and reinsurance Economic researches did not pay attention to the service sector for a long time and they named it as tertiary sector of the economy. At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century the passage from agricultural economy to industry occurred. But services are still neglected. After the II. World War services gained importance and became the star of American economy and still continue, to grow. Due to the difficulties in defining services and their heterogenous structure, scientists preferred to analyse different sub sectors of service economies to explain the explosion of this sector after 1960 's. Changing structures of economy, globalization of services, internationalization of services market and multinationalization of service producing firms, allow some sub services to grow. These are especially banking, insurance, accounting, consul tance, real estate, legal and professional services. After the economic crisis these services become the key element of the world economy. In fourth part, the development of service sector in developed countries such as United States and United Kingdom are analysed. The correlation between producer services, services, industry and population for New York, London and Tokyo in years 1977, 1981 and 1985 are established to define correctly the process of service sector development in developed countries and in "World Cities". The type and strength of relations between these sectors are measured by correlation coefficient. The correlation between sectors and population are drawn in two different ways to obtain a correct conclusion. Although, New York and London are the focusing point of this research, the numbers from Tokyo are also included in the correlation to see how the result will be generalized for all "World Cities". The first correlation based on employment numbers in service, industry and producer services in the total population in years 1977-1981 and 1985. The second correlation is obtained from the changing rates of employment of these sectors of the economy, again in years 1977-1981 and 1985. The result of this correlation confirm that there is a negative and strong correlation between producer services and other variables. But the inverse result is obtained from the same correlation for service, industry and population changes. This shows that service sector, in the changing economies of 20th century, get the biggest share from the employment in metropolitan areas. This is the reason of the decentralization of industry from the highly populated "World Cities". So the percentage share by industry in these metropolitan areas are dropped. xi In fifth part, the relation between service sector development and metropolitan area expansion of first three metropolitan of Turkey: İstanbul, Ankara, tzmir were analysed. Datas obtained from State Statistics Institute (DİE) were used to establish these relations. Classification of economic activities of Turkey are listed below from these datas. - Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing - Mining and quarrying - Manufacturing industry - Electricity, gas and water - Construction - Whole sale and retail trade, restaurants, hotels - Transport, storage and communication - Finance, insurance, real estate and business services - Community social and personal services - Activities not adequately defined. From this classification of service sector, the componants may be named as electricity, gas and water, construction, whole sale and retail trade, restaurants, hotels, transport, storage and communication, finance insurance, real estate and business services, community social and personal services. In this chapter, the relation between services, producer services, industry and population in 3 metropolitan areas of Turkey are established by using again the correlation in part 4, to see the relation between metropolitanization and service sector development for the case of Turkey. Table below shows this correlation values: xii After this analysis we obtain a positive and apperante correlation between producer services and population. But between other variables a positive and strong correlation exists. This shows that during this 20 years period Turkey's metropolitan areas are still place where industry has a profound effects on employment distribution. This means that industry is still primary sector in Turkish metropolitan cities in contrast to services in developed New York and London metropolitan areas. The last part is the conclusion on the development of metropolitan areas and service sector discussed in early stages. The comparative relations between metropolitan areas of New York, London, Tokyo and İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir analysed in this part of the research. The result of this thesis proves that there are differences between factors influencing metropolitan development in Turkey and metropolitan areas of developed countries.