Boğaziçi Yalılarında Cephenin Biçim Grameri

Abstract

Bu tezin konusu, Boğaziçi yalı cephelerinin biçimsel analizinin sonucunda, özgün cephe tasarımlarının, biçim gramerinin bütünlüğü içinde, kurallara ve elemanlar arası ilişkilere dayandırarak, biçimsel olarak üretmenin mümkün olacağını göstermektir. Çalışmanın 1. bölümünde, tezin amacı, kapsamı ve izlenen yöntem tanıtılmıştır. 2. bölümde ise, mimari dil ve elemanları ile dilbilim arasında çok yakın paralellikler olduğu ispatlanmaya çalışılmış; ve sistemin dayandırıldığı tasarım dilinin esasları verilmiştir. 3. bölümde, biçim gramerlerinin yapısı ve özellikleri açıklanmış; tasarım dili olarak getirdiği değerler tartışılmıştır. 4. bölüm, literatür çalışmasına ayrılmış olup, yapılan biçim grameri çalışmalarından örnekler verilmiştir. 5. bölümde, Türk sivil mimarisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Boğaziçi yalıları, iç mekan ve cephe yönünden incelenmiştir. Yalıların cephe biçimlenişinde etkili olan elemanlar araştırılmıştır. Çıkma ve pencereler yapılan cephe analizleri ile de geliştirilmiştir. 6. bölümde, analiz çalışmalarında belirlenen mimari dil kuralları ile, Boğaziçi yalılarının cephe biçimlenişinde etkili olan tasarım grameri oluşturulmuştur. Bu araştırmada kullanılan gramer, cephe elemanlarının ve cephelerin sentaktik ve biçimsel analizlerini kullanmıştır. 7. bölümde, tezde ulaşılan sonuçlar tartışılmıştır.

In the fifth chapter, it is examined the most important type of house of Turkish civilian architecture: Yalı. Yalı is a kind of traditional waterfront house to be found on Bosphorus. The real Yah is very little different from the traditional house in plan. The main difference is that it was built over the sea (leb-i derya). The basic characteristics of the yah are given as: * Yah is a type of house used during summer. So that, the picturesque decor is the nature. Yah is located between the sea and the shores of Bosphorus. Its connection to outside is by the road and by the sea. Almost all of them have their jetties and tiny private harbors. It is met three kinds of plans: * The typographical plan with an inner hall * The typographical plan with an central hall * The typographical plan with junctions. But the most applied plan is the plan with a central hall. This typographical plan type provides a view between the entrance and the sea by the use of "sofas" and "eyvans". * All the yalis have "harem" and "selamlık" apartments. * There is an other feature which gives them their greatest fame. A mansion of villa is generally be hidden away in its grounds, isolated on a hill or among trees, well away from the public gaze. But the yah is always in full public view from the water side. The facades are exposed in full view from the sea. In this chapter also, the water side facade is decomposed to its elements: * Roof and eaves * Bays, * Balconies, * Windows, * External door, * Facade ornaments, * Facade materials. All the elements are examined in detail. After the facade analyses it is exposed that there is an architectural language between them. It's seen that: *There are two types of windows in the facade: * arched window and * normal window(without an arch). * If we classify the windows according to their openings: xv * fixed-casement windows * sliding windows * casement windows * combination-casement windows. * The proportion of its length to the wideness is 1/2. * In the general view of the facade, inspite of its dominant vertical effect there is also a horizontal effect. * The number of windows located in every room is changing according to the wideness of the room. But this number changes between 1 and 5 according to the bays. * After the examination of the locations of the bays on the facade, it's put out that the bays are lengthwise of the room and its deepness depends on "divan" * There are 3 types of bays: * normal bay * bay with corner * circular bay *lt is also investigated the number of bays met on the facade, fixed by three in quantity. In the sixth chapter, according to the result of the analyses, it's seen that there is an architectural language between the facade elements and it's possible to form a shape grammar for the yali's facades. The main point in the analyses is to discover the shape's logic. In this section, a parametrical shape grammar developed for the facades' of Bosphorus yalis are presented. The elements are decomposed to improvise the facade and recomposed according to the relations between elements and grammar rules to form the facade's language by the shape grammar method. The main element of the vocabulary in this language is the room unit and is represented as a polygonal block. The other vocabulary elements are also polygons describing different types of windows and bays. These elements of the vocabulary need subshapes during the generation process of the facades of the Bosphorus yalis. We can generate the facades of Bosphorus yalis in five steps: * Shape relations within the facades' elements: Relations of "topologie" define the location of the vocabulary-elements according to the other vocabulary-elements. These relations for the facades of Bosphorus yalis are represented in a schema. * Addition of bays in the facade's order: XVI Increasing step by step the number of rooms, bays expressed by shapes are located in the plans and on the facades. Facades composed by three room units is examined in tree diagram. Using the datum of the shape grammar, we can generate the new facade designs. * Addition of bays to the room unit: Three types of bays which are lengthwise of the room are represented in shape schemata. * Addition of windows to the room unit expanded by bay: It is given the number of windows possible to add to a bay. It is also given the subshapes formalism of the windows according to the grammar rules. Number of windows changing according to the wideness of the room is also represented. The proper order of the windows, its traditional measure and proportions are very important concepts for the shape grammar. The syntactical and knowledge based shape within the elements and spatial relations between them are defined parametrically The grammar used in this study puts out the compositional style of the facade's shape. It is possible to generate new designs using this language. The shape grammar used, informs us precisely about the language of the facades' of Bosphorus yalis. To complete the facade design, we have to add the other facade elements. But in this thesis, it is studied the design process of the two dimensional facade plane. We can improvise a computer model not only to study the grammar generated above but also to generate the new designs in this system.