Çatılarda Seçenek Özelliklerinin Tanımlanması

Abstract

Çatılar, yapının temel fonksiyonlarını yerine getirmede önemli görevler alırlar. Artan malzeme seçeneği ve uygulama teknikleri bize yeni çatı seçenekleri sağlamaktadır. İşte bu çalışma çatılarla ilgili doğru bir sınıflandırma yaparak, kullanılabilecek çatı seçeneklerini oluşturmak, alışılmış çözümler yerine farklı yapısal çözümler üretmek, çatılarda seçenek özelliklerini tanımlayıp, gerekli bilgileri biraraya getirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma altı ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, konuya giriş yapılarak çatılar ve çatı konstrüksiyonunun tarihçesi hakkında bilgiler verilmekte ve bu çalışmanın amacı açıklanmaktadır. ikinci bölümde bu çalışmada izlenen yöntemi, çatı seçeneklerinin nasıl oluşturulduğu tablolarla anlatılmaktadır. Çatıların kendilerini oluşturan bileşenlere göre nasıl sınırlandırıldığı anlatılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde Çatıların sınıflandırılması ve çatı seçeneklerini oluşturan bileşen özellikleri geniş olarak anlatılmaktadır. Bileşen özellikleri, gerekli tablo ve şekillerle desteklenerek tanımlanmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde, oluşturulan çatı seçenekleri için performans ölçütleri yani çatıların hangi ölçülere göre değerlendirileceği ve bu ölçütler tanıtılmaktadır. Beşinci bölüm, oluşturulan çatı seçenek föylerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu föylerde(39 adet), her seçenek üç boyutlu(şematik) katmanları gösteren bir kesit çizim ve altında seçeneği oluşturan bileşen özelliklerinin açıklandığı bir metinle desteklenmektedir. Altıncı ve son bölüm, varılan sonuçlan ve seçenekleri uygularken dikkat edilmesi gerekenleri açıklamaktadır.

A roof is an essential part of every building. It's most importan function is to provide protection against the weather. Enviromental physics (sound, UV rays, wind, light) effects the building on both sides, external and internal atmosphere. Some these effects like sound, light, heat exist in and around building. Main functional requriements of roof are follows:. Strenght and stability,. Weather resistance. Thermal insulation,. Fire resistance,. Sound insulation, Nowadays, the progress about buiding materials provide us new and well-defined solutions at roofing details. On the other hand with the increasing of material alternatives has been occured some new requirements. These are quality of construction, well-educational designers and builders. The requimentes define the roof shape. Designing of roof a building is also the part of a architectural design. It means that construction and structure are base of an architectural design. Aim of this thesis is to classify and to determine altenatives of roofs. And also make together knowledge about roofing. Chapter one is an introduction to the subject. Here the importance of roof as an strucuture element. And also a history of roofing has been explained. İn additional these the aim of these thesis has been explained. In Chapter two;The way of classify has been explained. So roofs are classfied as;. According to kind of usage. According to of its shape. According to of its structure. According to of its protection viu And with this classification has been made some elements of roof constructioon. By using these elements has been made a lot of roof alternatives. But some of these altenatives has been eliminated. These are impossible composition and unnecessary alternatives. For example at upside-down roofs there is no need to ventilation. So alternatives which has both upside-down roof and with ventilation has beeneliminated. By using these method has been occured 39 roof altenatives including 19 cold-roof, 16 warm-roof and also 4 upside-down roof. And to show these altenatives ha been prepared sheets which gives explanation and some plots about alternatives. In chapter three, has been explained these classification elements. These are:. According to kind of usage. Accesible. Non-Accesible. According to of its shape. Flat roofs. Sloped Roofs. Linear sloped roofs. Curved sloped roofs. According to of its structure. Skelatal construction. One way skeletal construction roofs. Two way skeletal construction roofs. Surface construction. Plane surface construction. Curved surface construction.Suspended-tensioned structures. According to of its protection:.According to its stratification l.Warm Roof: insulation above stucture and under waterproof covering is known as a "warm" roof system. This system results in a structure kept close to room temperature. The main advantages of this form of roof are; the structure is protected from extremes of external temperature which can cause various types of unwanted movement. And also the structure can provide a good(and practical) surface upon which the place the vapour barrier and heavy structures such as concrete provide an excellent heat reservoir. Althoug this adventages there are some disadvantages of warm roofs. These are ; heavy warm roofs are slow to heat up to room temparatures where insufficient or intermittent heating is used (as many domestic situations-especially in bedrooms). And also as the insulation is trapped under a waterproof layer it must not become wet. 2. Cold roofs; insulation below structure is known as a cold roof system. As the temperature of structure and voids follows that of the external air. The main advantages are: Conservation of heat and quicker response to heat input. İn the past (and perhaps the future) tis has made the cold roof an attractive proposition where IX insufficient or intermittent heating can be expected. Energy conservation has produced a new interest in the cold roof but designers are warned of the difficulties that must be overcome. The main disadvantages are : the structural elements are subjected to the full range of external temperatures which can produce (seasonal) movement in the structure and thus fatigue or tearing of coverings, current theory demands that a vapour barrier is placed under the insulation, in this case at ceiling level. 1.Upside-down roof: Waterproof layer below the thermal insulation is known as a upside-down roof. This provides controlling and easy treatmant of thermal insulattion. But this system cause the energy loss at some regions where the weather conditions is rainy and snowy..According to its covering material Covering material is an essential part of roof. Choise of the covering material depends; weather, type of buiding, aim of using roof space, sloping, esthetic, economobility. The main criteria i the weather. İn rainy and snowy regions roofs are generally pitched roof with high sloped. That's why water must be send away as soon as possible to prevent leaking..According to its waterproof covering.According to its thermal insulation.According to its ventilation İn Chapter four, Performance criterions of roof alternatives has been explained. A roof has to be succeed these functions. These are:. Structure: İn most cases yhe main purpose of structural roof elements is to support with elegance and economy relatively thin skins of waterproofing and insulating materials plus the various loads, falling upon the complete system. The structure must therefore be designed to do this in a manner that will allow the waterproofing covering to function and thermal be maintained correctly. This implies control of structural and thermal movement in ordet to match structure and finishes. A roof should be considered as a single system, composed of interactive components.. Protection:. Thermal insulation The location of insulation within the roof system is an important factor. Genereally it will be found mor4e practical if the insulation is placed in a single layer under the waterproofing covering and on top of the supporting structure. Because of the site conditions theoretical insulation values are sometimes not reached in practice due to poor installation or damage-especially by water during construction. And with this classification has been made some elements of roof constructioon. By using these elements has been made a lot of roof alternatives. But some of these altenatives has been eliminated. These are impossible composition and unnecessary alternatives. For example at upside-down roofs there is no need to ventilation. So alternatives which has both upside-down roof and with ventilation has beeneliminated. By using these method has been occured 39 roof altenatives including 19 cold-roof, 16 warm-roof and also 4 upside-down roof. And to show these altenatives ha been prepared sheets which gives explanation and some plots about alternatives. In chapter three, has been explained these classification elements. These are:. According to kind of usage. Accesible. Non-Accesible. According to of its shape. Flat roofs. Sloped Roofs. Linear sloped roofs. Curved sloped roofs. According to of its structure. Skelatal construction. One way skeletal construction roofs. Two way skeletal construction roofs. Surface construction. Plane surface construction. Curved surface construction.Suspended-tensioned structures. According to of its protection:.According to its stratification l.Warm Roof: insulation above stucture and under waterproof covering is known as a "warm" roof system. This system results in a structure kept close to room temperature. The main advantages of this form of roof are; the structure is protected from extremes of external temperature which can cause various types of unwanted movement. And also the structure can provide a good(and practical) surface upon which the place the vapour barrier and heavy structures such as concrete provide an excellent heat reservoir. Althoug this adventages there are some disadvantages of warm roofs. These are ; heavy warm roofs are slow to heat up to room temparatures where insufficient or intermittent heating is used (as many domestic situations-especially in bedrooms). And also as the insulation is trapped under a waterproof layer it must not become wet. 2. Cold roofs; insulation below structure is known as a cold roof system. As the temperature of structure and voids follows that of the external air. The main advantages are: Conservation of heat and quicker response to heat input. İn the past (and perhaps the future) tis has made the cold roof an attractive proposition where IX İn chapter five, roof alteratives sheets has been given. These sheets has details and explanation of each alternatives. There are 39 alternatives which are 19 of them is cold roof, 16 of them is traditional warm roof and 4 of them is upside-down roof. İn chapter six which is conclusion part of this thesis the general subject evaluated and the sucessioned about this subject is explained.