Endüstri Mirasının Yeniden İşlevlendirilmesi; Beykoz Deri Ve Kundura Fabrikası Örneği

Abstract

Sanayi Devrimi’nin yaşandığı yıllarda şehir merkezlerinden uzak, tercihen demiryolu ağına ve su kaynaklarına yakın bölgelerde konumlanan dev sanayi tesisleri, 1950’li yıllardan itibaren değişen üretim sistemleri ve tüketici ihtiyaçları nedeniyle terk edilmişlerdir. Bu alanlar, endüstrileşmenin ve endüstrileşme döneminin şahitleridir. Bu nedenle, bazıları endüstri mirası olarak koruma altına alınmıştır. Bazıları ise koruma altına alınmamış veya koruma altında olduğu halde kullanılmadığı için zarar gören yapı/tesislerdir. Endüstri mirasının gelecek kuşaklara aktarılabilmesi, yapıları uygun bir işlevle kent hayatına kazandırmanın yanı sıra, özgün kimliklerini de korumaya bağlıdır. Türkiye’nin endüstrileşme sürecinde, İstanbul, ulaşım/nakliye olanakları, coğrafi konumu, verimli su kaynakları gibi özellikleri ile endüstrileşme döneminin en yoğun yaşandığı kentlerdendir. İstanbul’ da, 19. yüzyılda sayısı 256’yı bulan ve bugün 43’e düşen sanayi yapı ve tesisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir kısmı halen işlevini sürdüren, bir kısmı da, 20. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar kullanıldıktan sonra işlevini yitiren sanayi yapılarıyla ilgili ayrıntılı belgeleme çalışmaları henüz yapılmamıştır. Terk edilen fabrikalar, ihmal, bilinçsiz onarım veya genel bir yöntem belirlemeden gelişi güzel kararlarla yapılan yeniden işlevlendirme çalışmaları ile her geçen gün daha fazla tahrip olmaktadır. Tezin çalışma alanı, İstanbul Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikasıdır. Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikası, döneminin üretim kapasitesi en yüksek tesislerindendir. İşlevini kaybetmiş olan fabrika alanındaki yapıların birçoğu ve makineler varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Beykoz yerel halkı/kullanıcı ve uzman anketleri uygulanmıştır. Anket analizleri ve endüstri mirası için dünyada yapılan yeniden işlevlendirme çalışmaları doğrultusunda, Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikası için işlev önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, kullanıcı ve uzman anketlerinin SPSS programında yapılan ki kare analizleri sonucunda, Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikası’nın mevcut işlevinin değiştirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu alanın rekreasyon için farklı işlevler yüklenerek kullanılması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikası’ nın endüstriyel kültür mirası olarak korunması ve dünyada uygulanan yeniden işlevlendirme çalışmaları göz önünde bulundurularak yeniden işlevlendirilmesi, bu alanın kentle bütünleşerek yaşatılması bakımından önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada Beykoz Deri ve Kundura Fabrikası için oluşturulan anket çalışması ve sonuçları, endüstriyel kültür mirasının korunması ve yeniden işlevlendirilmesi çalışmaları için bir örnek teşkil edebilir, endüstriyel miras alanları için yeni işlev önerileri geliştirilirken, alanın sahip olduğu nitelikler doğrultusunda, interdisipliner çalışmalarla geliştirilerek kullanılabilir.

Giant industrial installations located close to the railway network and water resources preferably far from the city centers, during the industrial revolution times, was abandoned from 1950’s by the reason of changing of manufacturing systems and consumer requirements. At the same time, in large cities with high population growth and rapid urbanization movements in parts of the industry formerly known as the suburban areas of cities increasingly became closer to city centers. Industrial areas in cities, are the witnesses of industrialization and the period of industrialization. Therefore, some of them are protected in terms of being as industrial heritage. Some of them weren’t put under protection or damaged because of being led stood idle in spite of being under protection. Industrial areas are places showcasing the community's history . In this context, society , history, and in terms of today to transmit to future generations , it is necessary to protect the industrial heritage . Maintaining alive the heritage of the industrial heritage is important that meets the demands of users . Otherwise, they become isolated areas and urban region where these areas. Transmissibility of the industrial heritage to the posterity depents on bringing the structures on to the urban life and also protecting their unique identities. Within the industrialization period of Turkey, İstanbul is one of the cities which experienced the most intense period of industrialization with the features such as transportation / shipping facilities, geographical location, efficient water resources. It is known that, there were number of 43 to 256 industrial buildings and facilities in the 19th century in İstanbul. There hasn’t been any detailed documentation studies on the facilities that still continue to function and the facilities lost their funtion after used up to the mid-20th century. Abandoned factories are falling into ruin every passing day by the carelessness, senseless repairs or the refunctioning efforts conducted with random decisions. This study aims to record of the industrial heritage in Istanbul which is a significant component of the Ottoman Empire’s technological history and took an important part in Istanbul’s physical development, and to put forward some proposals for conservation and re-use of them within the scope of the internationally acceptable concepts. In the thesis, the influences of the Industrial Revolution on Europe and the Ottoman Empire have been discussed. The industrial plants that were constructed in Istanbul have been studied and recorded. Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory used the advanced technology of the industrialization period is provided as a representation of tanning tradition. Factory, near the rich water resources to provide the energy required for the production of water resources , raw materials and for shipping the final product is established in the sea. Today, thanks to advances in logistics plants can be positioned independently of the sea. Located in the outskirts unplanned developing worker housing near the factory area reflects the traces of the urbanization movement of the period There are still made on the consumption of foods and plants. Structures that survived for a long time and is no longer available although they require the restoration. This study also examines the architecture and surviving the industry, including our heritage exposed to the environmental impact study Beykoz leather and shoe making factory, was evaluated by survey participants. Visual-physical analysis, surveys, expert opinions, which are designated facility has been measured through surveys what changes may need to type. The working area of the thesis is the İstanbul Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory is one of the factories, has the highest production capacity of that period. Many of the structures and the machines continue their's existence in the plant area that lost its function. In the direction of survey analysis and worldwide studies of reusing industrial heritage, function recommendations has developed for Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory. As analysis of the study area, Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory 's transport facilities have been examined. The transition and the current status of the plant , the relationship with the Beykoz district and mapped in the order making factory buildings . In line with this analysis , Beykoz Leather Shoe Factory for applying user and expert survey questionnaires were analyzed In the study, it has concluded that the Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory's current function must be changed in consequence of user and expert survey results of chi- square analyzes made in SPSS. Besides, different functions that have been identified as necessary for recreation. Protection of Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory as a cultural heritage and refunctioning it taking into consideration the adaptive reuse techniques practiced in the world is important to keep alive integrating with the city of this area. According to the responses obtained from the results of surveys conducted face to face, and measures to be taken for the facility to be asked to identify solutions, has tried to measure satisfaction and demands of the local population. Polls will be held mass is made taking into account the population Beykoz district. SPSS was used for statistical analysis while. The results are graphically when examining whether a significant correlation of user profiles for each group were expressed. The survey also applied only to experts yet the user has tried to reach broader conclusions. Experts were obtained in comparisons with the survey was done to try to get the most effective results. The answers of experts in different areas of the participants were able to concentrate on the more narrow. Chi square test was applied to the relationship between participation and participants were asked to be identified. In many different areas as design expert answers to survey design ideas and participants are asked to indicate may be differences though. Each age group, participation in the expression of gender distribution of the results obtained by different converge, there are in the group with the majority. In this context, this survey study and its results for the Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory can serve as an example for the protection of industrial heritage and in accordance with the qualifications held by the field can be used by developing the interdisciplinary study while developing new functionality proposals for industrial heritage sites.