Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'ne Ait Bir Kitap Taslağı: Tokat Kent Tarihi Çalışmaları Tokat Müzesi Örneği

Abstract

1926'da Tokat Müzesi'nin kurulmasıyla başlayan süreçte, kentin tarihine ışık tutacak çalışmaların yapılması da hızlandırılmıştır. "Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi"nde Tokat müzesinin ilk müze memuru Mehmet Besim Karagülle ve ilk mesul memuru Osman Nuri Savuran tarafından 1931-1955 yılları arasında hazırlanan ve günümüze kadar yayınlanmamış "Tokat Müzesi: Tarihi Yapılar, Eski Eserler ve Bölgeleri, Tokat'lı Meşhurlar" adlı defter Tokat için önemli bir kaynaktır. Tokat ve ilçelerinde yer alan birçok yapının kaydının tutulması, bu kayıtların fotoğraf, çizim vb. gibi görsel elemanlarla desteklenmesi ve bunların yanında Tokat'ın tarihine başka birçok açıdan yaklaşması bakımından defter esasen bir kitap projesi niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada çeşitli perspektiflerden bakılarak defterin farklı boyutlardaki analizi yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle "Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi"nin kültür politikasında tarih hususu üzerine defterin yazımına da etki ettiğine inanılan konulara değinilmiştir. Özellikle o dönemin ruhunu taşıyan va tarihsel kültüre büyük katkıları olan "Türk Ocakları" ve Halkevleri"nin tarihe olan bakış açıları ve faaliyetleri ifade edilmiştir. Defterle dolaylı bir bağlantısı olduğu tespit edilen "Tokat Halkevi" bir model olarak alınmış, bilhassa tarih ve müzecilik alanındaki faaliyetlerine değinilmiştir. Tarih konusu değerlendirildikten sonra, "Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi" mimarlık tarihi yazımının nasıl ele alındığı hakkında bilgi verilmiş, o dönemde ortaya çıkan mimarlık tarihiyle ilgili araştırmaların neticesinde ortaya çıkan eserlerden örnekler verilmiştir. Yine aynı dönemlerde bazı kentler için hazırlanan kentin daha çok mimarisiyle ilgili bilgi veren kent kılavuzlarına değinilmiştir. Çalışmada, "Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi" tarihsel bakış açısı ekseninde şekillenen müzelerin özellikle yapılarla ilgili tuttukları kayıt, envanter ve belgeleme hususlarına olan yaklaşımları tespit edilerek, o dönemde yayınlanan genelge ve nizamnameler çerçevesinde ele alınmaları amaçlanmıştır. Daha sonra "Tokat Müzesi'nin Erken Cumhuriyet Kitap Projesi" başlığı altında müzenin kuruluşu ve tarihçesinden, müzenin gelişiminde büyük rolleri olan kurucu müdür Halis Turgut Cinlioğlu ve müze memurları Karagülle ve Savuran'ın özgeçmişlerinden ve defter dışındaki yaptıkları çalışmalardan, eserlerden bahsedilmiştir. Defterin tanıtımı yapılıp, içeriği hakkında detaylı bilgi verildikten sonra, eserde Tokat il merkezinde yer alan günümüze ulaşmış ve ulaşamamış olan yapılarla ilgili defterdeki veriler aktarılmıştır. Mevcut olan yapıların özellikleri, günümüzdeki durumları ve defter doğrultusunda değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmelerde şu anda mevcut olan yapılarla ilgili yapılan saha çalışmaları neticesinde çekilen fotoğraflar ve güncel plan ve kesit çizimleri vb. veriler üzerinden yapılardaki değişiklikler net bir şekilde ortaya çıkmıştır. Yine mevcut olmayan yapılarla ilgili de başka kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilme kısımlarında paylaşılmıştır. Ayrıca defterde ele alınan yapılarla ilgili defter açısından büyük önem taşıyan Ülgen ve Gabriel'in de tespitleri aktarılarak sonuç kısmına da katkı sunacak bir analize ulaşılmıştır. Değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmında ise defterin dönemi içindeki yeri ve defterin içeriği açısından değeri yönüne analizler yapılmıştır.

Tokat is one of the most important and culturally rich settlement centers in Anatolia with historical findings all over the land. This historical city, which is located in Yesilirmak Basin, ruled by more than a dozen states and many principalities since 4000 B.C., is a gateway connecting the Black Sea Region to the Central and Eastern Anatolia regions. This unique province, which has not only a great landscape with many green plateus at different heights extending from the Central Anatolian mountains to the Central Anatolia in the south as well as its plain, vineyards, gardens and creeks, but also has an impressive historical legacy dating back to the ancient times. Because of the topographical value and strategic location of the province, 14 states and numerous principalities settled here since 4000 B.C. Hitite and Phrgian civilizations built on the territory of Tokat became an important center of art and culture between 2500 B.C. and 4000 B.C. Ionians also lived here who could not across the Central Anatolian plateaus, migrated from the Black Sea Region to Komana (Tokat) after 600 B.C. The city is also the site of the important ancient Roman city of Comana of Pontus which was ruled by the Romans in 47 B.C.E. Byzantine Empire lived here for a long period. Then, in 1071 C.E. Tokat became a part of the Danismend Turkmen principality, and one its principal cities. In the 13th century, Seljuk Turks established their political sovereignty in the region. Durind the Seljuk era, Tokat became the sixth biggest city in Anatolia. As a result, many architectural buildings belonged to the Seljuk era were built in the city. Tokat pursued its growth until the end of Ilhanlı time though it was kept under pressure by Byzantine military and the Crusaders in the 12th century and by the Monghols after 1243. Tokat also came under Ottoman rule at the end of the 14th century and became the one of the agricultural and industrial centers in the region during this term. In all this time, many constructs and architectural monuments were built in city center and in its 12 districts. Therefore, on various places in Tokat, it is possible to find such historical artifacts that belong the several periods throughout Hatti, Hittite, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman eras. To give some examples, this province's historical and cultural treasures like Hittite settlement, Maşathöyük mound, Comana ancient city, Sebastapolis, which is seen the traces of Roman and Byzantine eras. The district named Niksar was the capital state of Danismend seigniory. Tokat presents many different types of historical buildings such as castles, bridges, mosques, tombs, lodge and zawiyas, baths, fountains, madrasases, bedesten, inns, mansions etc. The city's rich historical past has affected many voyagers, researchers, historians and diplomats. They shared their observations and experiences about the city in their books, drawings and photographs. Nevertheless, the resources describing the history particularly the architecture of this region has remained so limited. This situation is not intuitive, despite that Tokat has a rich historical background. Apart from all, some historical studies prepared by voyagers, historians, researchers, and diplomats, the most important historical study for Tokat was prepared in (Old) Tokat Museum. (Old) Tokat Museum is also known as Gökmedrese, as it was converted into a museum from a madrasah was established in 1926 by Halis Turgut Asarkaya (Cinlioğlu) who was a teacher of history and geography. The date 1926 has been a turning point in Tokat's history. During the period beginning with the opening of Tokat Museum in 1926, the studies helping to enlight the city's history has been accelerated. The notebook named as "Tokat Museum: Historical Buildings, Old Works and Their Locations, Tokat's Famous People" which was written by Early Republican Period's first Tokat curator Mehmet Besim Karagülle and first responsible officer Osman Nuri Savuran betwen the years 1931 – 1955 and that has not been published until now is an important source for especially Tokat's history of architecture and art. The detailed work shows the characteristics of a book project with its approach to Tokat's history with various angles and its content of the recordings of many buildings located in Tokat and its districts together with their photographs, plan and perspective drawings, some sketch drawings and other visual elements. This study has looked into this notebook from various perspectives and has made an analysis from several dimensions. Within this respect, at the outset, the topics on Early Republican Period's cultural policies on history that are believed to influence the drafting of the notebook has been referred. Primarily, the views and activities of Turk Ocakları and Halkevleri, that carry the spirit of the period and important contributions to historical culture has been analysed. Tokat Halkevi, that has been determined to have an indirect link with the notebook, has been taken as a model, and its activities on history and museums have been dealt with. After the evaluation of historical topics, the way of how the Early Republican Period history of architecture writings are handled has been enlightened and the examples has been given on the works produced after the studies on history of architecture during the period. The city manuals giving information mainly on the architecture of other cities during the same period has been referred as well. In this study, approaches of museums that have been shaped with the Early Republican Period viewpoint on history, on recordings, inventory and documenting subjects has been determined on the basis of regulations and circulars of the period. Subsequently, under the heading of "Tokat Museum's Early Republican Book Project", museum's foundation and history, together with founding curator Halis Turgut Cinlioğlu and museum clerks Mehmet Besim Karagulle and Osman Nuri Savuran's resumes and contributions on museum's development and their works besides the notebook. After the introduction of the notebook and presenting the detailed content, the data on the buildings that have and have not been able to reach today in the city center of Tokat within the notebook has been determined and posted. The characteristics and present situation of the buildings that subsist now has been evaluated in light of the notebook recordings. Within this respect, the changes to the still existing buildings clearly has been set out with the photographs taken during the field studies and comparisons with the up to date plan and section drawings. Especially, the evaluation parts of the each buildings in this thesis shows how the buildings have changed up to this time. Eventually, it has been determined that many structures have undergone major changes. The findings from the other sources regarding the non existent buildings has also been shared in the conclusion section. In addition, the findings of Ali Saim Ülgen and Albert Gabriel on the buildings referred in the notebook, which are very important has also been shared. There is a strong relation between the notebook both Ülgen's archive and Gabriel's book named "Monuments Turcs D 'Anatolie". Therefore, in thesis's evaluation parts of each buildings, the findings of Ülgen and Gabriel has been mentioned detailed for emphasizing their connection to the notebook. In the assessment and conclusion section, the position of the notebook within its period and the importance of its content has been analysed.