Allergenicity of Alternative Proteins: Reduction Mechanisms and Processing Strategies

Abstract

The increasing popularity of alternative proteins has raised concerns about allergenic potential, especially for plant-, insect-, fungal-, and algae-based proteins. Allergies arise when the immune system misidentifies proteins as harmful, triggering IgE-mediated reactions that range from mild to severe. Main factors influencing allergenicity include protein structure, cross-reactivity, processing methods, and gut microbiota. Disruptions in gut health or microbiota balance heighten risks. Common allergens in legumes, cereals, nuts, oilseeds, single-cell proteins, and insect-based proteins are particularly challenging, as they often remain stable and resistant to heat and digestion despite various processing techniques. Processing methods, such as roasting, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation, show promise in reducing allergenicity by altering protein structures and breaking down epitopes that trigger immune responses. Future research should focus on optimizing these methods to ensure that they effectively reduce allergenic risks while maintaining the nutritional quality and safety of alternative protein products.