Nonlinearity in large amplitude oscillatory shear of drilling fluid: A comparative study on the oil and water base muds behavior

Abstract

Abstract A viscoelastic material exhibits both fluid (viscous) and solid (elastic) like properties simultaneously. The rheological behavior of drilling fluids is customarily measured under the assumption of pure viscous flow, yet they exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when subjected to deformation. Some imperative properties of drilling fluids such as gel strength, yield stress, and sag tendency at near-zero shear rate region are categorically under the influence of viscoelastic behavior and have not yet been completely understood due to the lack of appropriate measurement methods. Characterizing the complete rheological profile of material requires measuring linear and nonlinear viscoelastic responses at a wide range of stress/strain levels. The viscoelastic nonlinearity can be characterized under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) tests. This study presents a large amplitude oscillatory shear rheology investigation of two water-base (Lignosulfonate and KCl/polymer) and two oil-base (low and high temperature) drilling fluids each in three states; unweighted, weighted, and weighted-contaminated. The viscoelastic nonlinearities of four fluid samples were investigated experimentally as a function of strain amplitude and strain-rate space at different temperatures. The results were described using Lissajous-Bowditch (L-B) plots and local nonlinear viscoelastic dynamic moduli through an oscillatory shear cycle. Structural stability of fluid samples was also studied using the creep-recovery test. The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of drilling fluids was comprehensively compared and distinguished to understand their nonlinear shear mechanism. As a result of the creep-recovery test at 150 °C, high-temperature oil base mud provided higher thermo-structural stability and zero shear viscosity than those of Lignosulfonate, KCl/polymer, and low-temperature oil-base muds. While the elastic nonlinearity was found to be strain/strain rate softening, the nonlinear viscous character was recorded as shear/shear rate thinning at large strain rates for all drilling fluid systems. Quite a different shear mechanism was detected at low and moderate strain rates. Shear rate thinning was found to be the dominant mechanism for all fluids except Lignosulfonate mud samples that demonstrated shear-thickening behavior at moderate strain rates at 25 °C. At high temperatures (100 °C and 150 °C), shear rate thickening followed by shear rate thinning behavior was governing mechanism under the low and moderate strain rates in all mud samples except KCl/polymer muds. An inverse behavior (shear rate thinning followed by shear rate thickening) was observed through low and moderate strain rates in KCl/polymer muds at 100 °C and 150 °C. Therefore, as revealed from the LAOS test results, shear rate thickening behavior at low to moderate strain rates is in contradiction of the commonly known shear thinning behavior for a drilling fluid undergoing viscous deformation. This finding explains the facts underlying some important properties of drilling fluids such as gel structure formation, hole cleaning ability, and sag tendency.