Publication: Petrol Döküntülerini Temizlemek İçin Butil, Polibutadien Ve Stiren-butadien Kauçuk Esaslı Organojeller
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Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
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Endüstriyel ülkeler fazla miktarlarda ham petrol tüketirler. Bu ülkeler üreten ülkelere deniz aşırı mesafede bulunurlar. Sonuç olarak yılda 2,4 milyar ton ham petrol deniz yoluyla taşınmaktadır. Tanker kazalarında kısa zaman içinde denizin içine yayılan petrol deniz çevresinde ciddi kirliliğe neden olur. Bu nedenle son yıllarda petrol ve petrol ürünlerinin denizden çıkarılması ciddi bir sorun oluşturmuştur. Petrolün çıkarılması için mevcut teknikler arasında, sorbentlerin kullanmak genellikle en etkili tekniklerden biri olarak kabul edilir. Bu tezin amacı, sulardan ham petrol ve petrol ürünlerinin uzaklaştırılması için çeşitli kauçuk esaslı sorbentlerin hazırlanmasıdır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, makrogözenekli organojeller çapraz bağlayıcı olarak kükürt monoklorür (S2Cl2) kullanılarak donmuş benzen çözeltileri içinde çeşitli kauçukların çapraz bağlanması ile hazırlanmıştır. Böyle organogel sorbentler sentezlemek için stratejimiz kriyojellesme tekniğinin uygulamasıdır. Bu teknik reaksiyon sisteminin donma noktasının altında çapraz bağlanma reaksiyonlarına dayanmaktadır. Makrogözenekli organojeller bütil (PIB), polybutadiene (CBR) ve stiren-butadien (SBR) kauçuklarının benzen içinde donmuş çözeltilerinin çapraz bağlayıcı olarak kükürt monoklorür kullanılmasıyla -18oC de hazırlanmıştır. CBR ve SBR ağları içindeki gözeneklerin düzenli ve yönlenmiş olduğu , PIB ağlarının ise düzensiz olduğu ve boyutlarının m ile mm arasında değiştiği bulumuştur. Kriyojelleşme mekanizması sonucunda CBR ve SBR jellerinde elde edilen düzenli morfoloji benzenin CBR ve SBR için iyi solvent olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Organojellerin su yüzeyinden ham petrol, petrol ürünleri ve sıvı yağ gibi kirleticilerinin giderilmesinde etkili olduğu emme testleriyle gösterilmiştir. Kauçuk jellerinin en önemli özelliği tekrar tekrar kullanılabilir oluşlarıdır. CBR ve SBR jelleri ham petrol ve sıvı yağ sürekli emme kapasiteleri sırasıyla 33–38 ve 24 -27 g/g’dır. Jellerin bu kapasitesi PIB jelinin yaklaşık iki üç katıdır. Tüm organojeller ölçülen emiş kapasiteleri ticari olarak kullanılan sorbentlerdenkinde çok daha yüksektir. Kauçuk jellerinin yüksek emiş kapasitesi ve tekrar kullanılabilmesi gibi özellikleri nedeniyle geniş kullanım alanı bulunan polipropilen easalı sorbentlerden daha iyi bir aletnatif olduğu düşünülüyor.
Industrial countries consuming large amounts of crude oil locate oversea distance from oil producing countries. As a consequence, 2.4 milliard tones of crude oil are transported annually over the sea. Accidents of oil tankers cause serious pollution of the marine environment and large amounts of oil are spilled into the sea water within a short time. Therefore, removal of crude oil and petroleum products that are spilled at sea is a serious problem of the last decades. Among existing techniques for the removal of oil, the use of sorbents is generally considered to be one of the most efficient techniques. The aim of this thesis is the preparation of sorbents based on various rubbers for the removal of crude oil and petroleum products from waters. To achieve this aim, macroporous organogels were prepared by crosslinking of various rubbers in frozen benzene solutions using sulfur monochloride (S2Cl2) as a crosslinking agent. Our strategy to synthesize such organogel sorbents is the application of the cryogelation technique which is based on conducting the crosslinking reactions below the freezing point of the reaction system. Macroporous organogels were prepared from frozen solutions of butyl rubber (PIB), polybutadiene (CBR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in benzene at -18oC using sulfur monochloride as the crosslinker. It was found that the pores in CBR and SBR networks are regular and oriented along a common direction, whereas those in PIB networks are irregular with broad size distributions from m to mm sizes. The regular morphology of CBR and SBR networks is due to the fact that benzene is a good solvent for CBR and SBR chains such that pores are only generated by the cryogelation mechanism. Sorption tests conducted using the organogels demonstrate that they are efficient materials for the removal of crude oil, petroleum products and olive oil from surface waters. The most important feature of the rubber gels is their reusability after simply being squeezed; the continuous sorption capacities of CBR and SBR gels for crude oil and olive oil are 33–38 and 24–27 g/g, which are two to three times the capacity of the gels derived from PIB. The measured sorption capacities of all organogels are also much higher than those of commercial oil sorbents, suggesting that the rubber gels are a better alternative to the widely used polypropylene sorbents because of their improved efficiency for oil sorption and their reusability.
Industrial countries consuming large amounts of crude oil locate oversea distance from oil producing countries. As a consequence, 2.4 milliard tones of crude oil are transported annually over the sea. Accidents of oil tankers cause serious pollution of the marine environment and large amounts of oil are spilled into the sea water within a short time. Therefore, removal of crude oil and petroleum products that are spilled at sea is a serious problem of the last decades. Among existing techniques for the removal of oil, the use of sorbents is generally considered to be one of the most efficient techniques. The aim of this thesis is the preparation of sorbents based on various rubbers for the removal of crude oil and petroleum products from waters. To achieve this aim, macroporous organogels were prepared by crosslinking of various rubbers in frozen benzene solutions using sulfur monochloride (S2Cl2) as a crosslinking agent. Our strategy to synthesize such organogel sorbents is the application of the cryogelation technique which is based on conducting the crosslinking reactions below the freezing point of the reaction system. Macroporous organogels were prepared from frozen solutions of butyl rubber (PIB), polybutadiene (CBR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in benzene at -18oC using sulfur monochloride as the crosslinker. It was found that the pores in CBR and SBR networks are regular and oriented along a common direction, whereas those in PIB networks are irregular with broad size distributions from m to mm sizes. The regular morphology of CBR and SBR networks is due to the fact that benzene is a good solvent for CBR and SBR chains such that pores are only generated by the cryogelation mechanism. Sorption tests conducted using the organogels demonstrate that they are efficient materials for the removal of crude oil, petroleum products and olive oil from surface waters. The most important feature of the rubber gels is their reusability after simply being squeezed; the continuous sorption capacities of CBR and SBR gels for crude oil and olive oil are 33–38 and 24–27 g/g, which are two to three times the capacity of the gels derived from PIB. The measured sorption capacities of all organogels are also much higher than those of commercial oil sorbents, suggesting that the rubber gels are a better alternative to the widely used polypropylene sorbents because of their improved efficiency for oil sorption and their reusability.
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Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
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İTÜ theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission
İTÜ theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission
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Kauçuk, Kriyojel, Makrogözenek, Petrol, Rubber, Cryogel, Macroporous, Crude oil
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