Two- and Three-Fluid Retention in a Porous Medium for Toluene by Gamma-Ray Attenuation

Abstract

Ground water contamination non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) have become a major environmental problem. NAPLs have low miscibility with water and therefore migrate through the subsurface as a separate liquid phase. A smaller part of these liquids may dissolve in water, and small concentrations can be hazardous for humans, see Scroth et al. [11]. LNAPLs (light non-aqueous phase liquids), which are the NAPL lighter than water, include hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, heating oil, kerosene, jet fuel and aviation gas. When the LNAPL has been released from the storage tanks and pipelines, and waste disposal facilities into the subsurface, it moves through the pores and fractures of the soil due to the gravitational and capillary forces, see Cheng and Wang [3].