Electronically Controllable Audio Equalizers Based on Bilinear Immittances Utilizing CMOS Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor

Abstract

This paper introduces a new electronically controllable first-order bilinear immittance based on a single CMOS active element (voltage differencing current conveyor) and its implementation in frequency response equalization including constant phase emulation (i.e. fractional-order approximation). A cascade of current feedback operational amplifiers and grounded bilinear immittances is required for these operations. The concept brings electronic reconfigurability of parameters and simplifies also circuitry. Several application examples (equalization, fractional-order integrator/differentiator) are shown and verified experimentally with fabricated CMOS IC (C07 I2T100 0.7 μm ON Semiconductor process).