Publication: Nonlineer optik fiberlerde propagasyon denkleminin elde edilmesi ve uygun çözüm yöntemleri
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Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
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Bu çalışmada nonlineer optik fiberlerin propagasyon denklemlerinin uygun sayısal yöntemle çözülebilmesi için gereken teknikler ve sayısal bir yöntem ile çalışan bir simülasyon programı yardımıyla fiber propagasyonunun çeşitli parametrelere göre ne şekilde değiştiği incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, önce fiberlerde iletimin bazı genel özellikleri verilmiş ve bu kapsamda özellikle incelemenin asıl konusu olan nonlineer etkilerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için gerekli olan, optik kayıplar, kromatik dispersiyon ve mod çift kırılması incelenmiştir. Bu özellikler belirlendikten sonra fiber içindeki propagasyonun incelenmesi amacıyla lineer dalga denkleminin silindirik koordinatlardaki ifadesi ve çözümleri verilmiştir. Optik fiberlerde lineer durumdaki dalga denklemi elde edildikten sonra nonlineerliklerin getirdiği etkiler gözönüne alınarak bu denklemler yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Optik fiberlerde propagasyonun temel parametreleri olan akı yoğunluğu (D), elektrik alan (E) ve polarizasyon (P) arasındaki ilişkiler, nonlineer etkileri gösteren parametreler kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Nonlineer etkiler tensörel karakterdeki geçiri terimiyle belirlenirler. Her dereceden geçiri farklı nonlineer etkileri temsil eder ve geçiri terimleri frekansa bağlı olarak ifade edilebilirler. Nonlineer optik fiberlerde dalga denklemlerinin çözümü için bu çalışmada zamanda sonlu farklar (FDTD) yöntemi incelenmiştir. Bu yöntem örneklenmiş zaman domeninde uygulandığı için, nonlineer optik fiberde akı yoğunluğu ile elektrik alan arasındaki ilişkinin ifadesini yönteme uygun hale getirmek için Z dönüşümü kullanılmıştır. Zamanda sonlu farklar yöntemi dalgaboyu başına yüksek örnekleme yoğunluğu gerektirdiği için uzun mesafelerde, limitli hesap ortamları nedeniyle çözüm mümkün olmamaktadır. Zamanda sonlu farklar yönteminin nonlineer optik fiberlerde uygulanabilir hale getirilmesi için kullanılabilecek en uygun teknik olarak "problem uzayının kaydırılması" tekniği incelenmiştir. Optik haberleşme sistemlerinde, fiberdeki lineer ve nonlineer etkiler sonucu darbe yayılması incelenerek, küçük işaret yaklaşıklığı altında çözümler elde edilmiştir. Sayısal incelemede elde edilen çözümler, fiberde propagasyon hesaplamalarında, tezde incelenen yöntemin hibrit bir versiyonu olan Zaman Domeninde Split-Step Fourier metodunu kullanan, mevcut ticari bir simülasyon programı (OptSim) yardımıyla ifade edilmiştir. Bu simulator kullanılarak darbe yayılmasının çeşitli parametrelere göre ne şekilde değiştiği incelenmiş ve küçük işaret yaklaşıklığı altında, lineer durum ve nonlineer durum karşılaştırılarak nonlineerliğin getirdiği etkiler incelenmiştir.
In this thesis, wave propagation in nonlinear optical fibers is investigated. Fiber propagation equation is derived, appropriate methods for its numerical evaluation are examined and with a simulation software the changes in fiber propagation due to various parameters are investigated. In order to introduce the notation, some basic propagation characteristics of optical fibers are first briefly reviewed. Concepts, such as losses, chromatic dispersion and modal birefringence, which are particularly important in explaining nonlinear effects, are introduced. The review also includes the derivation of the linear wave equation and a brief discussion of its solutions. After deriving the linear wave equation in optical fibers these equations are generalized as to include the nonlinear effects. The relations between the main parameters of propagation in optical fibers, flux density (D), electric field (E) and polarization (P), are determined by using parameters which define the nonlinear effects. Nonlinear effects are characterized with susceptibility tensors. Susceptibilities which have different degrees represent different nonlinear effects and the susceptibilities may depend on frequency. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is a powerful technique which can be used to obtain solutions of the wave equation in nonlinear optical fibers. In this work the application of FDTD to nonlinear fiber propagation equation is investigated in detail. Since FDTD is a sampled time domain method, Z transform is used to convert the relation between the flux density and the electric field in an appropriate form. Since FDTD requires a high sampling density per wavelength, it can not be used in tracing the field as it propagates long distances along the fibers, even with most sophisticated computers. One way to deal with this problem is the recently introduced "moving problem space" technique, wherein limited computational domain is shifted along the fiber in synchronism with the signal. The "moving problem space" technique and its application to nonlinear optical fibers are examined. The dispersion caused by linear and nonlinear effects which take place in optical communication systems and the small signal analysis are examined. The numerical solutions are introduced by running a simulation software (OptSim) which uses Time Domain Split-Step Fourier method. The effects of nonlinear fibers are investigated with this simulator.
In this thesis, wave propagation in nonlinear optical fibers is investigated. Fiber propagation equation is derived, appropriate methods for its numerical evaluation are examined and with a simulation software the changes in fiber propagation due to various parameters are investigated. In order to introduce the notation, some basic propagation characteristics of optical fibers are first briefly reviewed. Concepts, such as losses, chromatic dispersion and modal birefringence, which are particularly important in explaining nonlinear effects, are introduced. The review also includes the derivation of the linear wave equation and a brief discussion of its solutions. After deriving the linear wave equation in optical fibers these equations are generalized as to include the nonlinear effects. The relations between the main parameters of propagation in optical fibers, flux density (D), electric field (E) and polarization (P), are determined by using parameters which define the nonlinear effects. Nonlinear effects are characterized with susceptibility tensors. Susceptibilities which have different degrees represent different nonlinear effects and the susceptibilities may depend on frequency. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is a powerful technique which can be used to obtain solutions of the wave equation in nonlinear optical fibers. In this work the application of FDTD to nonlinear fiber propagation equation is investigated in detail. Since FDTD is a sampled time domain method, Z transform is used to convert the relation between the flux density and the electric field in an appropriate form. Since FDTD requires a high sampling density per wavelength, it can not be used in tracing the field as it propagates long distances along the fibers, even with most sophisticated computers. One way to deal with this problem is the recently introduced "moving problem space" technique, wherein limited computational domain is shifted along the fiber in synchronism with the signal. The "moving problem space" technique and its application to nonlinear optical fibers are examined. The dispersion caused by linear and nonlinear effects which take place in optical communication systems and the small signal analysis are examined. The numerical solutions are introduced by running a simulation software (OptSim) which uses Time Domain Split-Step Fourier method. The effects of nonlinear fibers are investigated with this simulator.
Description
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002
Subject
Dispersiyon, Fiber optik, Sonlu farklar yöntemi, Yayılma, Dispersion, Fiber optics, Finite differences method, Propagation