Critical element analysis for the transfer, gain and phase functions in linear active filters

Abstract

AbstractIn linear active filters, the element criticalness, the most and the least critical elements, and also optimum tolerances have been defined for transfer, gain and phase functions. Simple and systematic procedures for computing their values, thus determining the ordered hierarchy of critical elements, are provided. Moreover, as an example, the element criticalness, the most and the least critical elements, and the optimum tolerances have been evaluated for Gopal's network realizing the third‐order Butterworth characteristic and using equal‐valued capacitors and resistors.