LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi- Yüksek Lisans
Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI
Gözat
Konu "azot dioksit" ile LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi- Yüksek Lisans'a göz atma
Sayfa başına sonuç
Sıralama Seçenekleri
-
ÖgeInvestigation of the change of NO2 pollution during the pandemic period using satellite retrievals in Marmara region(Graduate School, 2022-01-10) Ceker, Ali Osman ; Kaynak, Burak ; 501191703 ; Environmental Sciences Engineering and Management ; Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve YönetimiAir pollution has been a great problem during the history of mankind with its effects on human health and the environment. Among the major air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) are still an issue with significant emissions, and their contribution especially on urban areas to ozone (O3) and secondary particulate matter formation. Satellite-based measurements have been used for monitoring of the air pollutants for obtaining information on the global distribution of these pollutants in the last decade, and their performance was increased in terms of both resolution and data reliability. In addition to being a leading country in Europe and Asia with its increasing industry and population, Turkey is struggling with air pollution with high ambient levels. Past studies showed that air pollution reaches dangerous concentrations, especially in city centers. This thesis aims to analyze the NO2 pollution in the Marmara Region, which is the most populated and developed Region of Turkey, with the help of satellite retrievals and ground-based measurements. The effect of human activities and restrictions on NO2 during the pandemic period, which is the study time interval, was also examined, and the study showed the effects of urbanization, industrialization, increasing human population, and the NO2 pollution of these parameters. A deductive approach was used in the study and Turkey, Marmara Region, and Istanbul province were examined in terms of NO2 pollution with detailed analyses, respectively. With this aspect of the study, both the high-resolution data technology of the TROPOMI instrument and the technology of measuring large areas were used. These measurements were supported by the ground-based measurements, the relationship between them was examined and the differences were interpreted. TROPOMI is an instrument onboard ESA's Sentinel-5. TROPOMI NO2 retrievals obtained from ESA were processed, and gridded monthly NO2 tropospheric columns were calculated to a uniform spatial distribution. In this thesis, both satellite and ground-based measurements were investigated for two years: 2019 and 2020. Differences between the examined periods were analyzed and the effect of restrictions during the pandemic period and different urban indicators (such as traffic density or natural gas usage for domestic heating) on NO2 pollution was examined. Ground-based measurements were also used for Marmara Region, which are located in provinces of Istanbul, Kocaeli, Bursa, Canakkale, Balikesir, Sakarya, Tekirdag, Yalova, Edirne, Bilecik and Kırklareli. Ground-based measurements were selected according to the overpass time (around local time 13:00) of TROPOMI. Also, the Marmara Region, which is the study area, was divided into 1×1 km2 grids and satellite retrievals were selected only for the grids which have urban residences and 1 km around them for further comparison with ground-based measurements. All the data used in the study were eliminated according to the measurement criteria determined by the ESA, the days deemed invalid for comparison (with less than 75% data) were eliminated, and the data obtained as a result of the process were processed and/or visualized with programming and mapping programs, and possible errors were analyzed and interpreted. Firstly, national NO2 pollution levels over Turkey were examined. As a result of the examinations performed using satellite retrievals, Marmara was found to be the most polluted Region of Turkey in terms of NO2 pollution. The most polluted provinces are Istanbul, Kocaeli, Ankara, and Izmir, and for Marmara Region, those are Istanbul, Kocaeli, Bursa, and Yalova, respectively. It was found that the winter months have noticeably higher values than the summer months of 2019 and 2020 possibly because of domestic heating in period and meteorological factors, and the most polluted month is November 2019 for all of Turkey. In addition, it has been observed that NO2 pollution in various cities in Turkey, especially in Mugla, during the summer months is equivalent to and sometimes higher than, the crowded provinces due to point sources such as thermal power plants. When an analysis was made based on districts with the clustering method using monthly averaged measurements, it was seen that the districts of the provinces with dense vehicles and populations such as Istanbul were included in the same cluster. In addition, it has been observed that the central districts of cities with less population have close pollution and show the same seasonal variation. When the same clustering method was performed using ground-based measurements and satellite retrievals separately, it was seen that the ground-based measurements did not show seasonality, and many Regions were found to have high NO2 pollution levels whereas satellite retrievals were clustered as less polluted. As a result of the correlation analysis performed using satellite retrievals and ground-based measurements, it was observed that Ground-based measurements of the Marmara Region were not correlated with satellite retrievals. They were measuring lower signals than satellite retrievals in the time intervals when the data was not missing. Especially the low correlation values of the stations in the densely populated areas have revealed that the difference in the NO2 pollution measurements of the Region is high and that improvements should be made. With the statistical analyses performed, it was observed that the highest rate of change was observed in the Istanbul Region and the NO2 pollution decreased by 60% for March, April, November, and December months compared to the previous year. When comparing the same months of 2019 and 2020 throughout Turkey decrease rates were found to be decreased in direct proportion as the population and industrialization rates of cities, while increases were seen in some eastern provinces of Turkey such as Mugla and Aydin. It is thought that the most important reason for these increases, which are intense in the winter period, is the decrease of seasonal temperatures. Both satellite retrievals and ground-based measurements showed elevated concentrations of NO2 in and around highly populated areas. When the pollution changes of the Marmara Region were examined during the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of human behavior on pollution were observed, especially in the days of full restriction and in the associated months. Districts grouped by clustering method, from districts with dense industry to districts with high population, were interpreted with the help of these groups and examined in terms of both provincial and urban status during the pandemic period. The study has shown that situations such as domestic heating, a change in the number of vehicles, and the closure of some businesses have caused a visible effect on NO2 pollution. During the study period, a comparison was made between the pre-pandemic period and the pandemic period for the densely populated cities of Marmara provinces. As a result of the comparison, a decrease in NO2 pollution was observed in the districts, especially in November and December 2020 (weekend curfew period) compared to November and December 2019. As a result of the calculations, the decrease between 10-20% is proportional to the population. Lastly, urban indicators and NO2 pollution in Istanbul were also examined in detail for 2019. As a result of the correlations made with indicators such as population, natural gas use, socio-economic status of the districts, a high correlation was found between NO2 pollution and population and natural gas use (R = 0.81 and 0.83 respectively), and a moderate correlation between socio-economic score (R = 0.35). The fact that the strong relationship between urban indicators and NO2 pollution is high in mega cities such as Istanbul results in taking precautions, and making more detailed analyses. As shown in the thesis, Istanbul is the largest province in the whole of Europe in terms of population, urbanization, and traffic, and the study showed the NO2 pollution that the people of Istanbul are exposed to in daily life under these conditions, district by district. In addition, in this section, the correlation between ground-based measurement and satellite retrievals in Istanbul were examined, and it was understood that the Ground-based measurements had lower levels than satellite retrievals in many districts. These low levels, especially in regions with high population and vehicle traffic, were attributed to the non-representativeness of the ground-based measurements. As a result of the study, the highest NO2 values in Istanbul were found as 6.44×1015 molecules/cm2 (Gungoren) and 94.12 μg/m3 (Aksaray) annual average on a monthly basis satellite retrievals and ground stations, respectively. The results showed the extent of NO2 pollution in Istanbul, proved to be directly related to urban factors, and created an initial analysis for future studies to be repeated in more detail for the future years. In conclusion, this thesis showed TROPOMI can detect temporal variation of NO2 pollution over different districts, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions over Turkey, specifically in Marmara Region. The results also gave important information about the evaluation and status of ground-based measurements, the relationship between urban indicators and NO2 pollution, and the changing NO2 pollution during the pandemic period. The thesis also showed that NO2 pollution in dense urban areas decreased during the pandemic period with the help of satellite retrievals. The study examined important points in this respect and prepared a basis for future studies and it explained, interpreted, and discussed the seasonal distribution of pollution and the effects of the districts with statistical analyses and spatial distribution of NO2. This thesis is the first study in terms of applied Region, high-resolution satellite retrievals, and time interval.