LEE- Mimarlık Tarihi-Doktora

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http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19399

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  • Öge
    The architectural decorations of Ilkhanid period in Iranian and Anatolian geography from selected monuments
    (Graduate School, 2021-11-11) Soltani, Ghazal ; Ağır, Aygül ; Rezaei, Davood ; 502152101 ; History of Architecture
    In the 13th century, nomadic steppe tribes who could be regarded as a Mongol family began to move across Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan. They created a large empire under their government in the regions they became governor as Iran, Anatolia, and the neighborhoods. They also changed the cultural and geographic situations by their attack from the place they started to move to the west of Asia, but they were influenced by the Islamic culture as well in their path like Central Asia toward Iran and Anatolia. The Mongolians who are famous as Ilkhanids were stated in Iran about 1256-1335 (or 1353) and in Anatolia between 1243-1335. When Ilkhanids encountered with Iran and Anatolia's rich culture, they created the works through the architectural activity that obtained and united with their cultures, which the signs of these efforts became observed. During the Ilkhanid period, the branches of art related to decorations become apparent. This thesis involves a selection of architectural works during the Ilkhanid period that are cited in this thesis according to selected monuments from Iran and Anatolia exhibit the traditional methods of local artists/craftspeople who learned from their ancestors. Moreover, there are also sources of some Chinese and European influences, which were combined with traditional approaches of Mongols. The Ilkhanids gave importance to the decorations of architectural works to a high degree; likewise, it is recognizable that they also paid attention to the decoration of manuscripts, such as Great Mongol Shahnama (Book of Kings) and Quran manuscripts. It is possible to discern some similarities in terms of vegetal, geometric, and calligraphic decorations between the manuscripts and architectural decorations work. Although the Ilkhanids were from a nomadic culture, they could build monumental-scale mosques, tombs, madrasas, caravanserais, and palaces in the geographic locations they lived. It can be seen in the richly decorated features of their monuments mainly in terms of stone, brick, stucco, and tile materials. Metal and wood decoration objects are more noticeable in small fine artworks. The architectural works from selected monuments in the thesis are first introduced with their decorative features; there are also tables including the list, the categorization, and the details related to them at the end of the thesis. Regarding the data, by means of historical documents that are originating from Iran, Anatolia, and Central Asia prepared the sources in the Ilkhanids manuscripts, and the motifs, along with the evaluation notes of the author for the architectural, historical, cultural, and political backgrounds. In addition to a literature review, maps and notes of travelers were also consulted. The method section analyzes the criteria of the monuments. The highly representative monumental samples from Iran and Anatolia by considering the balanced selection of monuments in these two regions (Iran and Anatolia) were chosen. This thesis evaluates the analysis through patterns of decorations, materials, and even their architectural locations. The decorations observed in the mosque, madrasa, and tomb monuments are grouped as vegetal, geometrical, calligraphic, figural, and stylized patterns. The architectural decoration with considering their materials are discussed in terms of their similarities inside the existing monuments and their references to historical decorative designs. The analyses (drawing) of some of the geometric patterns by the author are observable too. At the end of each section of the thesis, there are short summaries. The total result of the thesis was done by summarized section's evaluation together. In the evaluation and conclusion parts of the thesis, the reasons that led to the formation of the decorations of the Ilkhanid period in the 13th and 14th centuries with considering the questions of introduction were emphasized by following an analytical and comparative path. As the result of the thesis information about the decorative patterns/designs, materials, types of the monuments, and the artisan's information, the employment of traditional materials and the decorations schemes are believed to be continued during the Ilkhanids period. The influence of the Seljuk period in the decoration schemes of the Ilkhanids architectural works is obvious. However, there is also the connection with the Pre-Islamic decoration. Totally, it results about the decorations in the monumental structures such as mosques, madrasas, and tombs reflect the time they were built.