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ÖgeAdsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using metal organic framework(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Elaiwi, Fadhil Abid ; Sirkecioğlu, Ahmet ; 711381 ; Kimya MühendisliğiIndustrialization and rapid increase in human population are the cause of increase in wastewater generation. Depending on the source, these wastes may contain hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, dissolved inorganic solids and etc. Heavy metals are the serious threat to environmental and human health. Due to their toxicity and carcinogenic effects, close attention must be paid to heavy metals containing wastewaters. Even very small amounts of heavy metals can result in severe physiological and neurological damages. Therefore, numerous processes have been developed to treat wastewater minimize this health hazard potential. These processes include membrane filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, chemical precipitation, nanotechnology treatments, electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes. Ion exchange and adsorption are both physicochemical methods used to treat heavy metal containing wastewaters. In both cases high surface are plays an important role. As a new generation of crystalline porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess high surface area, tunable pore structure and functionalizable surfaces. With these attributes, MOFs have an essential role in several fields, including wastewater treatment. Based on the affinity of amino groups in chelating sites for heavy metal ions, a porous metal-organic framework (MOF) [ED-MIL-101(Cr)] were synthesized as an adsorbent for lead, copper, and cadmium ions. Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the MOF samples. The functionalized MOF samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to investigate the functionalization process and compare the synthesized MOF with the pristine MIL-101(Cr) samples. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analize the functional groups of the adsorbent before and after the treatment process which can be useful in estimating the mechanism for the recovry process and assess the relationship between the ions and the adsorbents sites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were also performed to investigate crystal structure and the thermal stability of the MOFs in a specified temperature range, respectively. Finally, the surface characteristics of the samples and the particles size distribution were investigated with N2 adsorption-desorption conducted at 77 K. In order to investigate the adsorption performances of ED-MIL-101(Cr) for the chosen heavy metal cations (Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) ion), batch experiments were conducted with single, binary, and ternary metal solutions. During these experiments the effect of experimental conditions such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, were investigated. With the aim of evaluation of conditions for removing of the three metal ions using ED-MIL-101(Cr), several isotherm models were tested to choose the best fit model with the experimental data. Normal and extended forms of Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips isotherms were adopted to analyze the adsorption behavior of the MOF samples. ED-MIL-101(Cr) exhibits maximum adsorption capacities (mg/g) of 82.55, 69.9 and 63.15 mg/g for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The experimental data revealed that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for the different metal ions at the same concentration mainly depends on the affinity of the adsorbent which was in the order of Pb(II) ˃Cu(II) ˃ Cd(II) in single ion solution. This selectivity order is governed mainly by ionic features such as ionic radius, electronegativity, and hydrated ionic radius. The influence of ionic interaction between the competitive ions in a multi-ion solution namely interaction factor is quantitatively studied and tabulated its values for multi-ion systems. For further studies, kinetics models applied to investigate the Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) ions adsorption mechanism on ED-MIL-101(Cr). Also, rate-control steps were determined using kinetic method. Linear forms of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle diffusion equations were used to interpret the kinetic data. It was observed that the kinetic data that obtained with batch adsorption processes were well fitted with pseudo-second-order model. Also the regeneration process for exhausting ED–MIL–101(Cr) was carried out to assess the recyclability of ED-MIL-101(Cr) for adsorption of lead, copper, and cadmium ions. It was observed that there was an insignificant change in the adsorption efficiency of ED-MIL-101(Cr) samples after three adsorption-regeneration cycles. In order to simulate the real-life experience adsorption experiments conducted also in dynamic system. For this part of the experimental work, a fixed bed of ED-MIL-101(Cr) was prepared for the continuous removal of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. A series of experiments were carried out in the fixed bed system to obtain the breakthrough curves data for the adsorption of single and ternary metal ions. The effects of different operating conditions such as static bed height (2, 4, and 6 cm), flow rate (10, 15, and 20 mL/min), and initial concentration of heavy metal ions (50, 75, and 10 mg/L) on the removal efficiency were investigated. The experimental breakthrough data of three metal ions were fitted well with the theoretical model. The breakthrough curves for single and multiple systems showed that Pb(II) has the longest breakthrough time compared with other metals indicating a high affinity toward this ion while Cd(II) had the shortest breakthrough time. Thomas Model and Yoon-Nelson models were used to evaluate the breakthrough curves and evaluate the dynamic data. The results from these two models suggest that the maximum adsorption capacity of the investigated heavy metal ions from single aqueous solutions are in the order of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II). These results are in agreement with the experimental data which are also related to the affinity of the adsorbent for the adsorbed ions. Comparably, Yoon-Nelson model is the best model for the data obtained for the metal adsorption experiments conducted with various bed lengths. It can be concluded that amino-functionalized MIL-101(Cr) was found to be a promising candidate for metal ion removal from the aqueous environment.