Endüstri Ürünleri Tasarımı Temelinde: Yolcu Uçaklarında Aydınlatma Sistemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Çalışma içeriğinde; havacılık genelinden yolcu uçakları aydınlatma sistemlerine girilmiş, aydınlatmanın temel kriterlerinden yola çıkılarak uçak içinde ışığın insan psikolojisi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. 20.yy için önemli buluşlar arasında yer alan uçaklar ve gün geçtikçe değişen yolculuk kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu tez çalışması hava yolculuğunda aydınlatmanın önemini araştırırken; uçak aydınlatma sistemlerini; elektriğin kaynağı dağıtımı ve kontrolü ile birlikte incelemektedir.Yolcu uçaklarında aydınlatma tasarımının önemine dikkat çekilerek gelecekte ülkemizde gerçekleştirilecek farklıdisiplinlerin birlikte çalışmalarına kaynak oluşturmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Birinci bölümde; problemin tanımıyla giriş yapılmış, çalışmanın amacı ve yöntemi belirtilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci bölümünde; mekan içinde ışık - aydınlatma ile ilgili tanımlar, ışık kaynağına, kullanım amaçlarına ve ışığın yönlendirilmesine göre aydınlatmanın çeşitleri, ışığın parametreleri ve ışığın geçmişten günümüze kadar geçirdiği evreler kısaca anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde; Hava taşımacılığı hakkında genel bilgilerin yanında yolcu uçaklarının aydınlatılmasında elektriğin kaynağından dağılımına ve uçağın kısımlarına göre aydınlatma sistemlerine yer verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde; uçak içi aydınlatmanın insan sağlına etkileri kapsamında hava seyahati sağlık sorunları anlatılmıştır. İnsanın ışıkla olan ilişkisi yanında (görme olayı ve görsel algı ) uçak ve kullanıcı (özellikle yolcu) psikolojisi üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar ve bilgiler verilmektedir. Yolcuların aydınlatma konfor beklentilerinin ve memnuniyetlerinin ele alındığı beşinci bölümde ise; kullanıcılarla yapılan anketler ve uçak aydınlatmaları hakkında değerlendirmeler yanında aydınlatma sahasında çalışan yetkililerle görüşmeler bulunmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında yolcuların uçak içindeki aydınlatma farkındalığının irdelenmesi amaçlanmış ve çalışma için sıcağı sıcağına hemen yolculuk akabinde sorular yöneltilmiştir. Eğitim düzeyi oldukça yüksek olan katılımcıların sık seyahat etmesi çalışmayı kolaylaştırmıştır.Demografik bilgiler sonrasında tez sonunda da altı çizilen belirli korku sahibi yolcular özellikle tespit edilmiştir. Anketlerden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, eğitim seviyesi, mesleği, cinsiyeti ve yaşı ne olursa olsun insanların korkularının varlığı ve benzer huzursuzluklara karşı psikolojik desteğin aydınlatma ile sağlanabileceği görülmektedir. Her ne kadar koltuk boyutları ve koridor boşlukları ilk şikayetler arasında yer alsa da genel, kişisel aydınlatma ve acil çıkış lambaları yolcuların dikkatini çekmektedir. Tez çalışmasında uygulanan diğer bir yöntem görüşme yöntemidir. Aydınlatmanın önemini daha iyi anlamak için aydınlatma sektöründe çalışanlar ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Sonuçta; tüm çalışmanın ve yolcu beklentilerinin değerlendirmesi yer almaktadır.

This thesis is prepared for air transportation and passenger aircraft illuminations. Effects of plane illumination on the human psychology were evaluated. Considering that the development of aircraft designing in our country, illumination comfort of passengers’ expectations and saticfaction has been researched. Passenger expactations detected with a survey for appropriate and essantial illumination. This thesis is occured of six divisions including introduction and conclusion parts. The thesis aims to analyze details of electricity which is used for illumination of aircraft and lighting systems while researching the importance of illumination in air travel. The definition of problem, the scope of the study, the aim and the method are described in the introduction part. In the second part of research, the definitions of illumination, the types of illumination according to the source of light, aim of usage and direction of light, parameters of light and the history of light are mentioned. There are many factors that contribute to the cabin lighting discomfort of aircraft passenger are: color of light, color of objects, contrast, brightness, luminous intensity, color temperature of light, reflection and texture of objects. While the direct lighting from types of lighting is prefered less to showing the space narrow, indirect (indirect) lighting is used in order to feel a wide range of cabins. The dynamism is captured by regional lighting besides general light in aircraft cabins that different functions are carried out. In the third chapter, general information about air transportion , details of electricity which is used for illumination of aircraft and lighting systems according to the aircraft section are explained. Three types for aircraft system are serving in Turkey. The thesis aims to locate the systems. The commercial air transport, The Wright brothers and the first passenger aircraft of World were mentioned. The plane is a dynamic aircraft is heavier than air which has fixed wings and the motor groups that generating the necessary energy in order to continue to move through the air. The lighting control is vital for a healthy flight, a safe landing and evacuation of passengers in terms of internal activities and visibility from outside the aircraft moving. While the cabin supervisor is responsible for the control of cabin lighting, the pilot is responsible exterior lighting control. In the fourth part, effects of illuminations on the human health and health problems of air travels are described. The health topic defined as Physical, mental and social well-being were mentioned, common denominator of illumination and air travel. The main problems are those caused in particular by the thinner air (lack of oxygen) and the expansion of the air. But the dry atmosphere, confined space, lack of activity, and low fluid intake can also cause symptoms of illness to appear during the flight. The relationship human beings with light, studies about aircraft and passenger psychology are provided. In addition, the importance of light are supported by scientific studies. There are fears that adversely affecting human life, changing biological rhythms, the sleep patterns and the hormonal system. Another important factor that defining atmosphere of the space and affects the psychology of the user that colors is used a supporting treatment of various diseases such as Psychiatric and Neurological diseases. In the fifth part, the survey on passengers, and evaluation of aircraft lighting are written. Method: Scanning of the literature about lighting and systems of aircraft was conducted. The impact of air travel on human psychology were discussed. An aircraft technician who is working in the aircraft technical training were interviewed to learn about systems. Further particularly, Turkish Airlines and Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics were contacted with to access the cabin lighting standards. A research within The Turkish standards (TS), the British standards (CIBSE) and German standards (DIN) has been conducted about aircraft cabin mood lighting standards. The standards without the aircraft s weight and fuel issues are exclusively obtained by design companies. We reache this knowledge. Foreign companies (Spanish Mormedi and German Diehl) that engaged in the aircraft cabin design have been tried to attain for standars. But the result has not been. Experimental data was collected by means of a questionnaire which assessed the satisfactions that a specific condition of lighting in aircraft. The data was collected by reaching a large number of passengers by survey methodology from research methods. Survey results were undertaken in qualitative and quantitative. Chi-square test of independence was used. The Chi-Square Test for Independence evaluates the relationship between two variables. It is a nonparametric test that is performed on categorical(nominal or ordinal) data. Statistical analysis data showed that was possible to determine which lighting moods were most suitable for different flight stages. This thesis study has aimed to examine illumination awareness and satisfaction of passengers. Passengers of air travel have been determined for the study. The questions asked to the participants of the surveys were composed of three parts. The questions that were given in the first part of the survey and were related to the demographic information of the participants. Questions in the second part of the survey regarding travel preferences and fears were. In the last section included questions about interior lighting of aircraft. The selected fears are listed in the questionnaire. All of these fears are likely to create uneasiness during the consisting disruptions on the plane. Another methodology used in this study was interviews. To understand importance of illumination better, interviews were held with employees in the lighting industry. In the conclusion part, the results have been evaluated. As a result of all this work; quality of human life changes with the quality of environmental factors. The importance of light is developing with valuable affect on the environments. Illumination by natural and artificial light has an important position on planning psychological, physiological, biological life balance. Illumination is designed in accordance with the purpose and venue, has supported image performance, positive emotions and relationship between people. As well as wrong-designed illumination leads distortion in visual perception, discomfort, misconception, health problems. The analysis values that extracted from questions on fear is remarkable quite in the study data focused on psychology of passenger s expectations. In future studies, this analysis of the relationship between the fear-light confronts us as a matter worthy of investigation. People s concerns can be increased or decreased in space as associated with comfort by illumination design. The expectation of passengers in being sleep problems and various health problems, a relief at least with light and color in the long airplane trips and confined spaces normally must be met. The passenger that living in flights fear or undergoing compulsory process in narrow spaces, must feel safe himself with visual comfort when enter the plane. Illumination is very effective not only visual perception but also selection of people around the physical and spiritual harmony. Due to all these effects of illumination is used as a sub-science both comfort-enhancing and therapeutic; in many areas that from engineering to design, from behavioral sciences to medicine.