Panaromik Görüntülerin Kampüs Bilgi Sisteminde Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması - İtü Ayazağa Kampüsü Örneği

Abstract

Arazi sadece bir toprak parçası olmayıp, aynı zamanda yaşam faaliyetlerinin temelini oluşturan bir olgudur. Mesleğimizin temelini oluşturan arazi kavramı tarih boyunca savaşlara konu olmuş ve mülkiyet kavramı ile etkinliği daha da artmıştır. Zamanla kullanımı, edinimi, etkinliği gelişen teknolojiyle aynı paralellikte değişmiş ve birçok disiplinin bir arada çalıştığı bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bugün yaygın olarak coğrafi bilgi sistemlerine konu olan arazi, artık sadece hak sahibi ya da ilgili kamu kurumlarının ilgi alanı olmaktan çıkmış, bilgisayar teknolojisiyle herkesin günlük hayatına entegre hale gelmiştir. En temel anlamda cep telefonlarıyla yapılan konum sorgulamasında ya da internet üzerinden adres sorgulamada hemen her gün kullanılan analizler coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin bir ürünüdür. Yaşadığımız şehre dair her türlü mekansal içerikli interaktif sorgulama gün geçtikçe gelişen teknolojinin sunduğu imkanlar dahilinde daha doğruluklu ve detaylı bir hal almaktadır. Aynı paralellikte şehir niteliği taşıyan birimler olan kampüslerde mevcut bilgilerden yola çıkarak, sorgulanabilir nitelikte veri üretimi sağlayan kampüs bilgi sistemleri mevcuttur. Kampüs bilgi sistemleri, fiziksel verinin edinimiyle coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinden yararlanılarak öznitelik verilerinin sunulduğu interaktif bir sistemdir. Üniversiteler ülkemizde ülke genelinde yapılan bir sınav aracılığıyla öğrenci kabulü yapmakta olup, başarı sırasına göre farklı şehirlerden kayıt alan yüksek öğrenim kurumları olarak hizmet sunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla hem kayıt yaptıracak öğrenciler hem de aileleri başta olmak üzere diğer ilgili kamu kurumları ve özel kurumların birlikte buluştuğu özel paydalar ile hiç kuşkusuz mevcut akademik ve idari personel, mevcut kayıtlı öğrenciler ilgili konularda bilgi edinmek için başvurulan bilgi sistemleri hem hizmet kalitesini artırarak hem de günümüz bilişim gelişmelerinden faydalanarak yüksek kalitede hizmet sunmak için gereklidir. Üniversite kampüsleri şehir özellikleri taşıyan birimleridir. Genellikle şehrin yoğun yerleşim almayan bölgelerine inşa edilen fakülte binaları, idari birimler, sosyal donatılar, alışveriş, konaklama, otopark gibi imkanlar sunan mekanlardan oluşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla hem mekansal içerik taşımakta olduğundan hem de bilgi sistemleri niteliği taşıyan farklı veri türlerine dair analizler gerektirdiğinden dolayı üniversite kampüslerine ait coğrafi bilgi sistemleri özel olarak kampüs bilgi sistemleri olarak nitelendirilebilir. Kampüs bilgi sistemleri, özel bir kullanıcı kitlesine hitap eden gerekli yazılım ve donanımlar ile oluşturulmuş, belirli bir amaç için tasarlanan coğrafi bilgi sistemleridir. Ülkemizde ve dünyada çeşitli örnekleri bulunan kampüs bilgi sistemlerinin her biri kendi hedef kullanıcı kitlesine hitap eden şekilde tasarlanmış ve çeşitli ortamlarda bilgi akışı sağlayan analizlere olanak tanımaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinden yola çıkılarak, kampüs bilgi sistemleri adına birçok örnek uygulama incelenmiş ve son bölümde mobil haritalama sisteminden yararlanılarak sunulan uygulama çalışması ile İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Ayazağa Kampüsü’nün Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’ne entegre nitelikte 360º panaromik kamera görüntüleri edinilerek, kullanıcılara; akademik ve idari personele, öğrencilere kolay, yüksek doğruluklu ve güncel veri aktarımı sağlanacaktır.

Land is not only a part of earth surface, but also forms the basis of life activities. Land that forms the basis of our profession have been the subject of wars throughout the history and has been increased its efficiency with ownership. In progress of time, its usage, acquision and efficiency has changed with the same parallelism developing technology and it becomes an event in many disiplines work together. Today, land that is common as the subject of geographic information systems is not only field of interest the owner or related public institutions but also has integrated daily life of everyone by computer technology. In the basic logic, all the daily analises such as query of location with cell phones or searching address on internet are products of geogrephic information systems. All kinds of interactive query in respect of our living cities is becoming more accurate and detailed aspecy within possibility increasing technology. In the conception GIS studies that have started in 1960’s were principally carried out in university searches and public applications on country base. Within the period of continues studies, improved technology has affected the projects in a positive way and GIS has been started to be more popular in private sector than military and public usage. This also affected common usage GIS with a more basic and practical modules. In the same way campuses that are smaller units with several characteristics in common as cities have campus information systems provide producing new data such as to query from existing information. Campus information systems are interactive query systems that provide attribute data using benefit from geographic information systems by getting physical information. Campus information systems provide users results such as campus transportation, social areas, academic and administrative stuff, with enriched visual presentation in a more simplistic way. In scope of the study, İstanbul Technical University Ayazağa Campus is selected as the field of Campus Information System with selecting mobile mapping technology provides the spatial information in a more quick, economic and accurate way. As the results of the measurements and field works whole campus 360° panaromic video images are served as a layer in ArcGIS. A mobile mapping system was developed by the Center for Mapping of the Ohio State University to capture digital stereo-image sequences from a moving van. Each stereo-pair is oriented and located in a global coordinate system by GPS and an inertial system. By the ongoing process, mobile mapping systems have been developed even further in terms of both image acquisition and positioning. Camera lenses have been increased to enhance the image acquisition functionality than the image pairs. However double phase GPS usage has become common to enhance the positioning functionality. 360° video record with coordinate data that is the result of the project able to move 360° around of a selected point and provide up to date topographic view with precision in decimeter level. Also it is possible to start moving in the campus any side by clicking the preferred direction. This system might be also easily integrated in any GIS system and make possible to generate optimal data in a faster way. Study area is Istanbul Technical University – Ayazağa Campus between approximately 41° 05’ 56’’ - 41° 06’ 25’’ North latitude and 29° 00’ 53’’ - 29° 02’ 17’’ East longitude. In this study, AutoCAD file which is in ITRF 96 coordinate system and has orthometric height in .dwg format of ITU Ayazağa Campus was used as a reference data. Also Ashtech Promark 500 model GPS set, Ladybug 3 camera, a notebook and a car required according to the application method for getting 360° panoramic video images. For the office works it is used LadybugCapPro and ArcGIS 9.3 version as the software to image processing. First of all, whole campus ways within the İTÜ Ayazağa Campus borders have been shot and gained shoots had integrated to the national coordinate system and scaled. Within the scope of the fieldworks GPS receiver and camera had mounted on a moving vehicle for positioning in decimeter sensitivity. At this point GPS receiver provided the positioning of the camera image points. With this technique using GPS technology and the camera image is obtained the spatial data of the entire structure at the side of the road along the route. Within the concept of the application the project managed into two phase; “Fieldwork” and “Office work”. Camera capture process took place on 29.11.2011 by taking into consideration the average vehicle speed of 30 km/h within the necessity to remain about the same as the distance between each two frame. Camera capture process including whole roads in the borders of campus was completed within 45 minutes. During the process existing topography on complete route had been captured by GPS antenna and 360⁰ panoramic camera that were integrated on the vehicle. Collected GPS data positioning were obtained with CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) System that is a method of RTK (Real Time Kinematic). First of all roads in the border of campus were divided into controlled start and end points to prevent duplicate capture records. Whether there were occurred double captures, records were stopped and continued from a new starting point of the path. Despite this prevent there were occurred double captures on the road crossing points. These short distance double records were eliminated at the office work. During the whole process GPS and camera were connected to the notebook and operator managed the recording path. On the moving vehicle operator were simultaneously displayed camera shots on the notebook with LadybugCapPro software. For example capturing data from a street, while operator pressed the record key at any starting point of the path, recording of spatial data were started. Another key point that was paid attention was about the correctness of recording CORS GPS data. During the process coordinate data were recorded from interface of the programme. If the coordinate data does not record there will be occur attention as “no signal” on the screen of notebook. In addition freezing and rupturing problems of the data recording could be occurred. In the conclusion of field works totally 13 pieces of video records file gained. Before starting to study on file, camera records were analyzed and double video record zones cleaned for preventing double coordinate data on the same point with studying LadybugCapPro software. Secondly, positioning data that were gained on datum WGS 84 was transformed into the datum ITRF 96. This transformation was the process was set automatically while processing on LadybugCapPro. There was no need any separate process. In the same time before the field work, it was drawn road centerline for whole roads in the borders of campus on the .dwg file and datum ITRF 96. Then this data file was transformed into a shape file on ArcGIS and used for the layer to be added coordinate data gained from camera analyses. Whole coordinated frames were collected in a new layer according to the coordinate sequence. On the video files coordinates were integrated into the photos automatically due to the camera software transmitted each image and coordinate file together. Then coordinate data into the camera files was processed automatically into the .pgr format and named itugps.shp point file. At this point, coordinate data is defined as same file in existing layer as shape file and photograph access might be possible from any point selected on the route of ways. The result file made possible to display photographs for any point by clicking on the selected point and this photograph can be saved as image in .bmg and .jpeg format or as video in .avi, .flv and .wmv format or as panoramic and dome. 360° video record with coordinate data that is the result of the project able to move 360° around of a selected point and provide up to date topographic view. Also it is possible to start moving in the campus any side by clicking the preferred direction. This system might be also easily integrated in any GIS system and make possible to generate optimal data in a faster way. The project is served 360° panoramic video records as ArcGIS data layer to be able to generate web based campus information system of Istanbul Technical University Ayazağa Campus. The result data layer can be used by both the students and visitors for getting information and technical personnel for managing construction works. Results of the study are as follows: • Within the results of the project it is obtained to get measurements from 360° panoramic video records. • ArcGIS layer as the result data allows to get the selected point coordinates and possible to start moving in the campus any side by clicking the preferred direction. • Also it is possible to get panoramic or dome photographs from the video data. • The most important property of the project is difference in the result data. The project made possible to determine gaining detail information from the coordinated 360º panoramic video records not from the simulated photographs like as usual usage for campus information systems.