Ataşehir Uydukent Yerleşmesi'nin Çevre Düzenlemesinin İrdelenmesi

Abstract

Ülkemizde planlı olarak gelişen Uydukent Projelerinden biri olan Ata- şehir Uydukent Yerleşmesi'nde konutların çevre düzenlemesi irdele nerek açık alanların kullanım türleri, kullanabilirliği ve yeterliliğinin ortaya çıkarılmasını amaçlayan çalışma, 6 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada önce konunun önemi, amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklan mıştır. Konu Ataşehir Yerleşmesi'nin çevre düzenlemesinin irdelenmesi oldu ğundan öncelikle kentsel açık alan kavramı, daha sonra Toplu Konut ol gusu açıklanmış, ülkemizdeki uygulamaların çevre düzenlemesine veri len önemin Uydukent Uygulamalarında daha da arttığı belirtilmiş, uydu kent kavramına açıklık getirilmiştir. Son bölümden önce l.etap konut alanlarında oturanlarla anket görüşmesi yapılarak Ataşehif deki sosyal yapı, ulaşım durumu, sosyal ve kültürel gereksinmeler ile açık alanların kullanılabilirliği ve yeterliliği ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Anket değerlendirmesine göre çevre yerleşme lerle, Ataşehir Uydukent Yerleşmesi'nin sosyal yapı ve açık alan kulla nımları arasındaki farklılıklar ortaya belirtilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise, Ataşehir Uydukent Yerleşmesi'ndeki ye tersiz görülen açık alanlar anket görüşmeleri sonunda kullanıcıların istek leri doğrultusundaki sosyal, kültürel ve açık alan gereksinimleri göz önünde bulundurulmuş ve çevre yerleşmelerin yerleşmeye olan olumsuz etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bunun için Ataşehir Uydukent Yerleşme sinin kaliteli ve örnek bir uydukent olması açısından birtakım öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

The main reason of this study is to examine the arrangement of the open and green area of Ataşehir Satellite town, which developes through a plan. In addition to this, usage of the open areas, types of usage and their efficiency, effects of the near-by settlements to Ataşehir are searched. In the first chapter, the importance of the research, its purpose, contents and method of research are examined. In the second chapter, concept of open urban area, its development in historical progression are researched. The principles of arrangements of the open areas, problems of the green areas and solutions to these prob lems are explained. In the thirth chapter, concept of mass-housing and its development are de fined; some examples are given from Turkey with the arrangements of their enviroment and concept of satelite town is researched. In the fourth chapter, location of Ataşehir Satellite town settlement on the Anatolian side, data that determine the formation of space, planning deci sions and financial analysis and area organization are considered to name its place among other mass housing applications. After this, first stage housing areas and open areas are examined. In the fifth chapter, 50 questionnaires are made at the first stage housing area, in order to determine the socio-economic structure, transportation facilities, social and culturel necessities, usage and sufficiency of Ata- şeir Satellite Town settlement. Differences in social structure and usage of green area between the nearby setlements are determined according to the results of the questionnaires. In the conclusion and suggestions chapter, some suggestions are made to missing and unhandy usages, for Ataşehir to have a high quality environ ment which is also proper to the wishes of the users. Open area is defined as the unbuilt empty area, inside or outside the city, which has the speciality of a proper land use, such as agriculture, forest, etc., or which answers to certain functions such as park, garden, square, etc. Open areas have three functions in the city and they are recreation, ecology and land organization Urban open areas are defined as areas that are planned for the people who live in the cities, human-made or natural, that gather people together and makes them meet each other, that has to be in contact with other areas of usage, can be easily reached, can personalize little settlements, that bring people together and make them use of the common life, that make people realize their cultural, physical, psychological, esthetic functions. Our cities must be brought to such a level that the city must have the space that lives and makes others live. In order to realize this, green must be created in the cities, among all. Green areas are very.mportant for a settlement. People need green area more and more every day as they get negatively influenced by the noice, pollution and having more concrete in the big cities. As a result, mass- housing applications, that give importance to green areas, to answer the housing demand, are being constructed in the areas outside the city. Mass-housing is defined as the appropriate and productive residential application tool of the new-town policy that is used to prevent the big cities from becoming a pile in the harmonic organization of the country xx Ataşehir Satellite Town Settlement, which is chosen as the research area, is located on the Anatolian side of Istanbul Metropolitan Area in the borders of Kadıköy Municipality, in Yeni Sahra Area, in the north-east of E-5 motorway, north of Küçükbakkalköy and south-easth of Mustafa Ke mal district. It is about 12Km. from the city center, 800 m. from Ankara Asfaltı, 9 Km. from Kadıköy and has an area of 4.500.000 m2. Free ways of 1st and 2nd jBosphorous Bndges intersect and unit in Ataşehir area and continue as the Anotolian free way. "Ataşehir Uydukent" project was brought to life again in 1993 with the initiatives of Emlak Bankası. In 1993, 1st stage housing area and its environment design are completed and 2nd stage housing area is being built. The total number of apartments in Ataşehir is planned to be 23.380. If each family is considered to have 4.24 people, then the planned population living in this area will be 99. 131. Considering April 1995, 300 families 1.300 people are living area. Ataşehir Satellite Town project targets to have 23.500 dwellings with the population of 99.500 to help to solve the housing problem of Istanbul. In this project it is important to design high quality buildings with a high quality environment design. Ataşehir Satellite Town Project is a big project of progress, realized in Istanbul. This project takes into consideration alestic land-use and infrastructure desicions thinking there can be some changes in the future. Emlak Bankası has most of the land ownership ; other owners are Yapı İKredi Bank, Okent Companies and several other companies. xxni Ataşehir Satellite Town Settlement, which is chosen as the research area, is located on the Anatolian side of Istanbul Metropolitan Area in the borders of Kadıköy Municipality, in Yeni Sahra Area, in the north-east of E-5 motorway, north of Küçükbakkalköy and south-easth of Mustafa Ke mal district. It is about 12Km. from the city center, 800 m. from Ankara Asfaltı, 9 Km. from Kadıköy and has an area of 4.500.000 m2. Free ways of 1st and 2nd jBosphorous Bndges intersect and unit in Ataşehir area and continue as the Anotolian free way. "Ataşehir Uydukent" project was brought to life again in 1993 with the initiatives of Emlak Bankası. In 1993, 1st stage housing area and its environment design are completed and 2nd stage housing area is being built. The total number of apartments in Ataşehir is planned to be 23.380. If each family is considered to have 4.24 people, then the planned population living in this area will be 99. 131. Considering April 1995, 300 families 1.300 people are living area. Ataşehir Satellite Town project targets to have 23.500 dwellings with the population of 99.500 to help to solve the housing problem of Istanbul. In this project it is important to design high quality buildings with a high quality environment design. Ataşehir Satellite Town Project is a big project of progress, realized in Istanbul. This project takes into consideration alestic land-use and infrastructure desicions thinking there can be some changes in the future. Emlak Bankası has most of the land ownership ; other owners are Yapı İKredi Bank, Okent Companies and several other companies. xxni space, to provide the industry and industrial population to be distrubited balancely, not to raise the differences between the areas, to protect the historical and natural values in and around the city during the urban development process and to protect the open areas from being lost. Mass-houses are planned to provide the urban development through a plan, to provide housing areas for lower-income groups, to have the puplic participation during the shading of the urban environment. Mass-housing areas are preferred because thay contain necessary functions and commer cial, social, cultural, administrative, health, educational and recreational, functions can be found and used all together. I n Turkey, Emlak Bankası is one of the most important foundations that both gives credit to the Mass-Housing projects and makes application studies. In general, Emlak Bankası has the function of transition of the sources of the Mass-Housing funds to the cooperatives. It also plays an important role in big Mass-Housing and Satellite-Town Projects. In our big cities, especially in Istanbul, satellite-towns are seen more of ten, that serves to more people when compared mass-housings, construc ted in bigger areas towards outside the city which is adequate to itself. Satellite Town is a settlement that is constructed near the big cities to reduce the weight of the population of the big cities, seperated from the center geographically, having might relations with the center although it's autonomous spread-out on big areas, having housing areas, industrial areas, shopping centers, recreational areas, etc. The main satellite town projects realized in Turkey or being realized are, Batikent and Eryaman in Ankara, Halkalı and Ataşehir in İstanbul, Yeni- kent in Adana. However, satellite town projects that have started lately, postponed the contemporary urbanization because of not having a plan ned policy concerning satellite towns. It also prevents the solution of housing. If these applications had started in the beginning of the 1950s, then Istanbul wouldn't have been in the situation, it is in now. xxi In the nothern and westhern part of the land, there are squatters houses, in the southern part, there areas for little crafts and for storage near the settlement, planned Mass-Houses are being built. Ataşehir has an important location since if s near the free ways and its the crucial point of the Anotolian free way. It has a 6-level transportation system: free way, the main artery, secondary artery, main collector, econdary collector, community road and service road. This system serves both to Ataşehir settlement and to nearby settlements, so it makes the transportatian esaier for the road which as big junctions. The central areas of Ataşehir serve their urban service functions consider ing place, function, apperance and size. They also have an attractive cha- I racteristic so they lead people to these places. The central area consists of many storey buildings and it has two parts: East city center and West city center. There are commercial and administrative establishments, mixed usage areas which include commerce and housing and social housing in the central areas so they serve as collective center. The land use of Ataşehir consist of housing areas, social service facilities, open areas, green areas and other uses. Centers of neighbohood and primary school units are arranged in a way that they will be able to serve people who live at main transportatian focus points. Therefore, a trans portation and urban equipment is planned with different levels. Ataşehir is studied by cosidering first stage housing area with its interior garden and anvironment design including 10 "city blocks" : 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 68 and 70. At the first stage housing area,"Ground field coefficient" is 0.25 max., and planned to be 0.20 when possible to have more open or green area. "Floor field coefficient" ratious are used as necessary. The max. is 2.06 at city block 48. "Floor field coefficient" ratios increase towards the center along the main road. xxiv Housing areas are grouped as low-dense, medium-dense, high-dense and mixed use. Densities of city blocks, in relation with the " Floor field coefficient" ratio, increase towards the center and main road low- densehousing areas are placed towards outside the settlement. Emptiness-Fullness ratios, 0.25 construction area-in realition with "Ground field coefficient", the rest is distributed as green and hard-tissue area. From this, it can be understood that green areas are given much importance to. Houses in Ataşehir, are planned as a whole with the open areas around them. Main open areas in the settlement are, central park, sport parks, neighborhood park, primary school units parks, parking lots, interior gardens between city blocks, playgrounds, resting areas, sports areas, walking areas between the parks and green bands, pedestrian road, which is organized as the Community Road and which surrounds the settlement, is very important in paysage-wise. In Ataşehir, sports areas with the social facilities that serve the first stage, are 6.300 ml. If 9295 people live on 10 city blocks, the sports area per person is 0.75 m2. Sports facilities serving on city blocks are,l swimming pool, 5-6 tennis courts, 1 basketball, 1 volleyball, 1 ternary crucible, 1 half basketball court, 3 round, little, 1 crucible basketball court. There's also a sports park that the whole settlement can make use of. Total resting area in the first stage housing area is planned as 3600 m2 which makes 0.5 m2 per person. Very different types of resting areas are organized. There are sitting places in the corners of the city blocks surrounding the area, sitting areas uniting with the playgrounds or sport areas, sitting areas at the pedestrian exists from the underground parking lots, sitting lots that unite with water elements, steps which face the cen ter, sitting areas at the ground chess area, sitting areas with pergolas, and sitting places that surround the lighting emptiness of the underground parking lot. Playgrounds serve the children who make up half the popula tion and have an area of 3505 m2. Playground area per person is 0.75 m2 Playgrounds usually consist of complex playground materials that have connection with each other. During the design of the playgrounds, the slop was left as it was, in general. xxv Parking lots are designed with 2 types underground and overground. There are 1420 parking places and grass plague-stone is used as flooring City furnitures are used to fit the interior garden organizations and floorings, in the city blocks. Lighting elements, waste baskets, sitting places are the main city furnitures. Community Road, which has an important place in Ataşehir Settlement, takes place as an important factor near the housing and commercial uses. It's also an urban circulation area which helps the area by setting forth human factor and pedestrian activities to be visited from other settlements with social aktivities. It also targets to have a slowed down and control led vehicle circulation. At Ataşehir, if s important to have a high life standard and a good envi ronmental quality. Time to time green curtains are used to prevent the noise of the nearby settlements. 50 questionnaires made in Ataşehir, with families in order to determine the social structure, socio-economic, cultural needs and green area use and necessary. The users want more importance to be given to P.T.T., cultural movements, health services, transportation facilities, garbage problems. They also want the security to be provided, stroll areas with trees to be made, the green areas to be taken care of all the time, Community Road to be finished as soon as possible and curtains to be built with many trees in order to prevent the noise coming from the nearby settlements. As a result, except certain inconvenient uses, Ataşehir is a settlement in which housing and environment design are given very much importan ce to, which aims to have a high-quality life standard and is one of the best satellite-town projects in Turkey.