Yapı Denetim Sisteminde Belediyenin Karşılaştığı Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Yolları İçin Sistem Önerisi

Abstract

Ülkemiz nüfusunun tamamına yakını aktif sayılabilecek derecede deprem fayları üzerinde veya doğal afet riski taşıyan alanlar üzerinde kurulmuş olan kentlerde yaşamaktadır. Bu durum sebebiyle çeşitli tarihlerde meydana gelen depremlerde, on binlerce insanımız hayatını kaybetmiş, bu sayıdan çok daha fazla insanımızın da yaralanması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra ekonomik açıdan ise milyarlarca dolar kayıplar meydana gelmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar göstermiştir ki bu maddi ve manevi kayıpların sebebinin aslında yaşanan depremlerin değil; denetimsiz, plansız, sağlıksız ve kalitesiz yapılaşmanın neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kanun yapıcılar öteden beri bu sorunu çözmek adına çeşitli adımlar atmış, bazı düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Atılan adımların, getirilen düzenlemelerin sorunun çözümünde ne kadar etkili olduğu bugün dahi tartışılmaktadır. Getirilen düzenlemelerin en yenisi ve belki de en köklüsü olan 4708 sayılı Yapı Denetimi Hakkındaki Kanun 13 Temmuz 2001 tarihinde resmi gazetede yayımlanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu kanunla amaçlanan can ve mal güvenliğini temin etmek için, imar plânına, fen, sanat ve sağlık kurallarına, standartlara uygun kaliteli yapı yapılması için proje ve yapı denetimini sağlamak ve yapı denetimine ilişkin usul ve esasları düzenlemektir. Tezin birinci bölümünde konuyla ilgili bilgiler aktarılmış ve tezin amacına değinilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, yapı denetim kavramı, yapı denetimin amacı, tarihsel gelişimi, gelişmiş ülkelerde uygulanan yapı denetim sistemlerinden bahsedilerek denetleme kavramının inşaat sektöründeki önemi vurgulanmıştır. Ülkemizde yapı denetim sisteminin tarihsel gelişimi, mevcut sistem ve yapı denetim mevzuatına ilişkin detaylı bilgilendirmelere tezin üçüncü bölümünde yer verilmiştir. Yapı denetimin en temel unsurlarından olan ruhsat verme prosedürlerine dördüncü bölümde değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde ruhsat vermeye yetkili idarenin görevleri, sorumlulukları ve bu idarelerdeki mevcut iş akışından bahsedilmiştir. Tezin beşinci bölümünde yasal mevzuattan kaynaklanan problemlere, etkin bir denetleme mekanizması oluşması için ihtiyaç duyulan nitelikli personel miktarına ve denetleyici personelin görevini icrası sırasında karşılaşabileceği dış etkilere, müteahhit ve mal sahiplerinin bilinçlendirilmesine ve denetleme sürecinde ruhsat vermeye yetkili idarelerin karşılaştığı diğer sorunlara değinilmiştir. Tezin bu aşamasında, söz konusu problemlerin somut olarak tespiti ve uygulanabilecek çözümler adına yapı denetim servisinde görevli teknik personel katılımıyla tez kapsamında gerçekleştirilen bir anket çalışmasına yer verilmiştir. Yedinci bölümde, anket sonuçlarına göre elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilmiş ve bu sonuçlara göre, ülkemizde yapı denetim mekanizmasına ilişkin çözümlerden bahsedilmiş ve yapılması planlanan çalışmalara ışık tutabileceği düşünülen öneriler sıralanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma göstermiştir ki ülkemizde yapı denetimi sistemi tam manasıyla sağlıklı yürütülememektedir. Yapı denetimi sisteminin başarılı olabilmesi gerek belediyelerin gerekse de diğer paydaşların üzerlerine düşen görev ve sorumlulukları tam anlamıyla yapmaları ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu yapıldığı takdirde kanunda amaçlanan fen, sanat ve sağlık kurallarına uygun, bireylerin can ve mallarının güvende olduğu yapılar inşa edilebilecektir

Our population resides in cities that are located on active seismic fault lines or regions that have high risk of natural disaster. In the past, tens of thousand lives were lost, much more were injured due to massive earthquakes. In addition to loss of lives, these disasters caused an immense amount of economic damage. Researches have shown that, the true cause of these huge financial and emotional damages is not the natural disaster itself, but unplanned urbanization and low-quality and unhealthy structures. Lawmakers have been taking steps and introducing legal regulations in order to solve this problem. That being said, how much did these steps contribute to the solution of the problem is something that has been debated even to this day. As a most recent legal regulation, which can be called not as a step but as a “major stride” is 4708 numbered Law About Construction Control which has been enforced on 13th July 2001. This law aims “to ensure security of life and property, enforcing construction control rules in order to achieve construction that complies with modern urbanisation, science, arts and health standarts.” In the first part of this thesis, some information related to the topic and the aim of the thesis is presented. In the second part, the concept of construction control, its aim, its historical development and lastly applications in some foreign countries are mentioned. The importance of construction control for construction sector is also emphasized. In the third part, historical development of construction control in Turkey, current system in effect and legal regulation is mentioned. In the fourth part, construction licensing procedure, which is the most basics of the construction control system, is touched on. Duties, responsibilities of construction licensing authority and the work flow are also presented in this part. The fifth part is where the major problems of the current construction control system are described. These problems can be summarized as follows; the shortage of trained and able personnel, the obstacles caused by outer effects when controller personnel carries out his duty, the ignorance of contractors and landowners, the politic and social problems that construction licensing authority encounters. At this point of the thesis a poll is carried out. The poll aims to seek solutions for the problems mentioned in the previous part. More than fifty controller personnel from several province municipalities around İstanbul have participated in the poll. The poll and its results will be sixth part of the thesis. The seventh (and the last) part of the thesis is where the poll results are interpreted, evaluated and solutions are suggested and discussed. It is hoped that with the help of these solutions and answers, the road to a better performing and functioning construction control system will be enlightened. The study has shown that the performance of the construction control system in our country is unfortunately poor. In order to achieve a better construction control system, construction licensing authority and all other parties involved have to boost their performances when fullfilling their duties and responsibilities. This way we will have cunstructions that complies with modern urbanisation, science, arts and health standarts and ensures security of life and property. During the beginning of globalisation, that has been taking place for the last two decades, our country is also experiencing “rural to urban migration”. The main problem for those who move to a larger city is urgent need of housing. Unfortunately the failure to meet this urgent need of housing for the last few decades has given the result of unplanned urbanisation, unsafe buildings and unaesthetic structures. Rapid population growth in urban areas has brought the need of large and hi-rise buildings. However, in order to reduces costs, using cheap and low-standard material and low-quality craftsmanship in the construction of such buildings, where hi-standard material and technology along with special craftsmanshipis a must, caused massive loss of life and property during recent earthquakes. All these recent unfortunate experiences point out that in order survive through natural disasters with minimum loss of life and property, an effectively functioning construction control system is essential. The basic principles of control (audit) are integrity, independence, objectivity, impartiality, professional secrecy and competence. To ensure that these principles are fully applied when carrying out construction control activity; the terms for authority, responsibility, penal sanctioning in case of failure or low performance must be defined by the legal regulations precisely. The major basic need of civilized people is the need of housing. In the cases, where the governments ignore this need, the situation concludes to serious problems. It is no surprise that in Turkish Republic Constitution (1982), the “housing right” is mentioned. The housing right cannot be defined as “a construction to shelter in” only. Being healthy, safe, durable against natural phenomena and having high quality standards are also in the scope of this right. In order to meet the scope of this right, a healthily performing construction control system is required. An effective and efficient construction control system can only be achieved by auditing the whole process: from project design to construction. Ensuring that materials and equipment used in construcion and implementation of infrasutructure should meet the relevant standards and specifications is also in the scope of construction control. By doing this, the production of low quality and out of spec materials can be prevented. For the controller who carry out the construction control activity, independence from the audited entity and other outside interest groups is indispensable. This implies that controllers should behave in a way that increases, or in no way diminishes, their independence. The hierarchy of construction control system in our country changes constantly. That being said, both the central government and local authorities has their own shares of the problems that reduces performance of construction control system. This problem is persisting despite the efforts of the Ministry that is the head of the hierarchy. In this study an assessment is made to point out the major problems of current construction control system in effect. Then, these problems are analysed and some solutions are suggested while examples from certain developed countries are taken into account. The construction licensing authority, as a party of construction control system, is also analysed. The problems that construction licensing authority encounters during carying out the construction control activity are researched and surveyed. The survey results are evaluated and some solutions are suggested, based on these results